Políticas hospitalarias adaptadas a las necesidades sensoriales para pacientes con discapacidad: una revisión exploratoria de las normas institucionales, la implementación y las brechas existentes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/2665-427X/ijeph.1.13386Palabras clave:
Trastorno del espectro autista, Personas con discapacidad, Accesibilidad a los servicios de salud, Atención centrada en el paciente, Entorno de los centros de salud, Diseño y construcción de hospitales, Política sanitaria, Prestación de servicios de salud, AccesibilidadResumen
Antecedentes: Las barreras sensoriales en hospitales, como iluminación intensa, alarmas, hacinamiento, olores, contacto físico y largas esperas, generan malestar, reducen el acceso a una atención segura para pacientes con discapacidad, como autismo, trastornos del procesamiento sensorial, discapacidad intelectual, lesión cerebral adquirida, trastorno de estrés postraumático y dolor crónico.
Objetivo: Mapear la literatura sobre políticas hospitalarias y directrices institucionales relacionadas con entornos sensorialmente amigables para pacientes con discapacidad.
Métodos: Siguiendo a PRISMA-ScR, realizamos una búsqueda sistemática en MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO y Scopus desde su inicio hasta diciembre 2025.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 fuentes, que abarcan hospitales pediátricos y de adultos, servicios de urgencias, salas de diagnóstico por imagen, entornos perioperatorios y salas de hospitalización. Las políticas abordaban principalmente autismo y discapacidades del desarrollo; pocas hacían referencia explícita a comunidades de personas con discapacidad. Surgieron cuatro temas: (1) alcance de políticas y definiciones de “atención sensorialmente amigable”, (2) vías y herramientas estandarizadas para la adaptación, (3) capacitación del personal y mecanismos de rendición de cuentas, (4) implementación desigual y evaluación limitada. Muchas políticas describían adaptaciones prácticas (p. ej., salas silenciosas, kits sensoriales, ajustes de iluminación, apoyos para la comunicación), pocas especificaban estándares medibles, monitoreo orientado a la equidad o estructuras de cumplimiento.
Conclusión: Las políticas hospitalarias sobre entornos sensorialmente amigables están surgiendo, pero son inconsistentes en alcance, especificidad y rendición de cuentas. La guía actual enfatiza las adaptaciones prácticas, pero carece de métricas estandarizadas e infraestructura de implementación.
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