The Chinese presence in Latin America
¿A challenge to the US hegemony?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-0642/criteriolibre.2016v14n25.1062Keywords:
China, Economy, Latin America, Power, Security, USAAbstract
China has expanded its influence in Latin America. This expansion is presented as an awkward strategy for the United States and its traditional allies, while China could displace US hegemony in the region, undermining its efforts to promote free trade agenda, democracy and human rights. However, China does not pose a serious threat to the United States in the short term; indeed, the expansion of its influence in the region has been perceived by the US government as an opportunity to open new economic and security perspectives. The main reason for this is that both powers have implemented a cautious and pragmatic policy that seeks to consolidate its foreign policy goals, preferring to promote their interests in a cooperative and non-confrontational framework.
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References
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Hilton, Isabel (2013). China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge? Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
Infodefensa.com (2013, octubre 2). China y Venezuela suscriben nuevos convenios en materia militar. Disponible en: http://www. infodefensa.com/latam/2013/10/02/ noticia-china-y-venezuela-suscriben-nuevosconvenios-en-materia-militar.html
Infodefensa.com (2011, julio 8). La Fuerza Aérea de Ecuador abre licitación pública para adquirir aviones de transporte. Disponible en: http://www.infodefensa. com/latam/2011/07/08/noticia-la-fuerzaaerea-de-ecuador-abre-licitacion-publica-paraadquirir-aviones-de-transporte.html;
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Lederman, Daniel; Olarreaga, Marcelo, y Rubiano, Eliana (2006). Latin America´s trade specialization and China and India´s growth. Washington, DC: World Bank. Disponible en: http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/405741468170946526/ Latin-Americas-trade-specialization-and-Chinaand-Indias-growth Mearsheimer, John (1995). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, vol. 19, No. 3, 5-49.
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Young, Christopher & Rustici, Ross (2010). China’s Out of Area Naval Operations: Case Studies, Trajectories, Obstacles and Potential Solutions. China Strategic Perspectives, No. 3. Washington: National Defense University Press.
Xinhua-CRI (2013, julio 20). Fuerzas Armadas de China donan hospital quirúrgico móvil a Ecuador. Disponible en: http://espanol.cri. cn/782/2013/07/20/1s284348.htm
Xinhua (2008, November 5). Full text: China's Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean. Disponible en: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/content_10308117.htm
Zhu, Xiaodong (2012). Understanding China’s Growth: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 26, No. 4, 103-124.
América Economía (2016, mayo 17). ¿A qué acuerdo llegó Venezuela con China en el plano económico? Disponible en: http:// www.americaeconomia.com/economiamercados/finanzas/que-acuerdo-llegovenezuela-con-china-en-el-plano-economico
América Economía (2012, febrero 12).China se convierte en el segundo socio comercial de Venezuela. Disponible en: http://www. americaeconomia.com/economia-mercados/ comercio/china-se-convierte-en-el-segundosocio-comercial-de-venezuela
Balassa, Bela (1981). The Role of Foreign Trade in the Economic Development of Korea. En: Walter Galenson (ed.), Foreign Trade and Investment: Economic Development in the newly industralizing Asian countries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Banco Mundial (2015). Datos. Washington: Grupo del Banco Mundial. Disponible en: datos.bancomundial.org/
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CEPRID (2013, marzo 6).República Popular China: ¿socio estratégico de Ecuador o punto de expansión en América del Sur? Disponible en: http://www.nodo50.org/ceprid/spip. php?article1631
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Correo del Orinoco (2010, marzo 14). Chávez: Venezuela levanta su sistema de defensa aéreo con los aviones K8-W. Disponible en: http:// www.correodelorinoco.gob.ve/tema-dia/ chavez-venezuela-levanta-su-sistema-defensaaereo-aviones-k8-w/
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Defensa.com (2014, abril 9).Venezuela habría cerrado la compra del avión de entrenamiento chino L15 “Falcon” y piensa también en Sukhoi. Disponible en: http://www.defensa. com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a rticle&id=12011:venezuela-habria-cerrado-lacompra-del-avion-de-entrenamiento-chino-l15- falcon-y-piensa-tambien-en-sukhoi&catid=55:- latinoamerica&Itemid=163
De Onis, Juan (2014). China and Latin America: Pivots and Rivets. China and Latin America: Pivots and Rivets. World Affairs. Disponible en: http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/ blog/juan-de-onis/china-and-latin-americapivots-and-rivets
Dussel Peters, Enrique (2012). Chinese FDI in Latin America: Does Ownership Matter? Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas. Discussion Paper Number 33. Disponible en: http://dusselpeters. com/56.pdf
Dussel Peters, Enrique (2011). Características de la inversión extranjera directa china en América Latina. En: Enrique Dussel Peters (coord.), América Latina y El Caribe – China. Economía, Comercio e Inversiones, Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China, México.
Jenkins, Rhys & Dussel Peters, Enrique (eds.) (2009). China and Latin America Economic relations in the twenty-first century. Bonn, Mexiko City: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik.
Ellis, Evan (2013). The Strategic Dimension of Chinese Engagement with Latin America. Washington: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.
Elis, Evan (2009).China in Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Farnsworth, Eric (2012). Memo to Washington: China's Growing Presence in Latin America. QuarterlyAmericas. Disponible en: http:// www.americasquarterly.org/Farnsworth
Global Times (2013, noviembre 13).China's Latin America presence not a threat: US official. Disponible en: http://www.globaltimes.cn/ content/824632.shtml
Grieco, James (1988). Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism. International Organization, vol. 42, No. 3, 485-507.
Hakim, Peter (2013). China y EE.UU. en Latam: ¿quién gana? Inter-American Dialogue. Disponible en: http://thedialogue.org/ page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=3359
Hilton, Isabel (2013). China in Latin America: Hegemonic challenge? Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
Infodefensa.com (2013, octubre 2). China y Venezuela suscriben nuevos convenios en materia militar. Disponible en: http://www. infodefensa.com/latam/2013/10/02/ noticia-china-y-venezuela-suscriben-nuevosconvenios-en-materia-militar.html
Infodefensa.com (2011, julio 8). La Fuerza Aérea de Ecuador abre licitación pública para adquirir aviones de transporte. Disponible en: http://www.infodefensa. com/latam/2011/07/08/noticia-la-fuerzaaerea-de-ecuador-abre-licitacion-publica-paraadquirir-aviones-de-transporte.html;
Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior (2014). Cifras del comercio exterior boliviano, Año 22, 220. Disponible en: http://ibce.org. bo/images/publicaciones/ce-220-CifrasComercio-Exterior-Bolivia-2013.pdf
Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior (2013, marzo 4). Comercio exterior de Bolivia a enero 2013. Boletín Electrónico Bisemanal. Disponible en: http://www.icees.org.bo/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ComercioExterior-de-Bolivia-por-IBCE.pdf
Interamerican Dialogue (2014, abril). China-Latin America Finance Database. Disponible en: http://thedialogue.org/map_list International Monetary Fund (2014, July 20). Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven. WorldEconomic Outlook (WEO). Disponible en: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf
Layne, Christopher (2012, January 22). The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing. The National Interest. Disponible en: http:// nationalinterest.org/commentary/almosttriumph-offshore-balancing-6405
Lederman, Daniel; Olarreaga, Marcelo, y Rubiano, Eliana (2006). Latin America´s trade specialization and China and India´s growth. Washington, DC: World Bank. Disponible en: http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/405741468170946526/ Latin-Americas-trade-specialization-and-Chinaand-Indias-growth Mearsheimer, John (1995). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, vol. 19, No. 3, 5-49.
Ministry of National Defense (2015, May 26), China's Military Strategy. Disponible en: http:// eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2015-05/26/ content_4586805.htm
Monteiro, Nuno (2014). Theory of Unipolar Politics (Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Ney York: Cambridge University Press.
Nye, J. (2010). The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective. Foreign Affairs, vol. 89, No. 6, 2-14.
OECD (2014, February). International investment struggles. Disponible en: http://www.oecd. org/daf/inv/investment-policy/FDI-in-FiguresFeb-2014
OCDE/CEPAL/CAF (2015), Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2016: Hacia una nueva asociación con China. OECD Publishing, Paris. Disponible en: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264246348-es Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, J., y Fortmann, M. (eds.) (2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st. Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Portafolio.co (2014, marzo 3). India, segundo socio comercial de Colombia. Disponible en: http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ exportaciones-colombia-enero-0. Putnam, Robert (1988). Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the logic of two-level games. Inernational Organization, vol., 42, No. 3, 427-460.
Rhys, Jenkins y Dussel Peters, Enrique (2009). China and Latin America. Bonn: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Shakun, M.F. (2003). United States - China Plane Collision Negotiation. Group Decision and Negotiation, vol. 12, No. 6, 477-480.
SIPRI (2016, February). Trends In International Arms Transfers, 2015. SIPRI Fact Sheet. Disponible en: http://books.sipri.org/files/ FS/SIPRIFS1602.pdf
Telesur (2013, mayo 11).China dona ocho millones de dólares a Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia. Disponible en: http://www.telesurtv. net/articulos/2013/05/11/china-dona-8- millones-de-dolares-a-bolivia-para-equipar-alas-fuerzas-armadas-5914.html UNCTAD (2013). World Investment Report 2013. Statistical bulletin of China’s outward foreign direct investment. Disponible en: http:// unctad.org/en/publicationslibrary/wir2013_ en.pdf
UNCTAD (2015). Country Fact Sheets 2015. Disponible en: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/ DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/ Country-Fact-Sheets.aspx Waltz, Kenneth (2000). Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security, vol. 25, No. 1, 5-41.
Wilson, Jordan (2015, November 5). China’s Military Agreements with Argentina: A Potential New Phase in China-Latin America Defense Relations. U.S.- China Economic and Security Review Commission. Disponible en: http:// origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/ Research/China%27s%20Military%20 Agreements%20with%20Argentina.pdf
World Bank (2015). Data. GDP growth (annual %). Disponible en: http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG
Young, Christopher & Rustici, Ross (2010). China’s Out of Area Naval Operations: Case Studies, Trajectories, Obstacles and Potential Solutions. China Strategic Perspectives, No. 3. Washington: National Defense University Press.
Xinhua-CRI (2013, julio 20). Fuerzas Armadas de China donan hospital quirúrgico móvil a Ecuador. Disponible en: http://espanol.cri. cn/782/2013/07/20/1s284348.htm
Xinhua (2008, November 5). Full text: China's Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean. Disponible en: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/content_10308117.htm
Zhu, Xiaodong (2012). Understanding China’s Growth: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 26, No. 4, 103-124.
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2016-07-01
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How to Cite
The Chinese presence in Latin America: ¿A challenge to the US hegemony?. (2016). Criterio Libre, 14(25), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-0642/criteriolibre.2016v14n25.1062
