Entrepr eneurial pr ofile of small business owners in the livestock and farming industry at the Valley of Puebla, Mexico
Keywords:
Entrepreneurs in the livestock & farming industry, entrepreneurial profile, innovation, risksAbstract
The purpose of this research work is to provide a description of the entrepreneurial profile of small business owners in the livestock and farming industry at the Valle of Puebla in Mexico. The information used was obtained from well-structured surveys administered to a random sample of business owners in the livestock and farming industry. To assess the relationship between entrepreneurs and the determining factors of entrepreneurship, an entrepreneurship index was created based on the variables of "innovation" and "willingness to take risks". It was then correlated with possible explanatory variables using contingency tables and a difference of means test. The percentage of business owners who possess an entrepreneurial spirit is 32%. The difference of means (t-statistic) for entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs is significant for the variables number of years of education and number of years of experience in the major business activity. Meanwhile, the categories that exhibit significant differences (statistical Chi square) between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs are attendance at training sessions on production processes, marketing, use of financing, and use of social networks. This research proposes a general exploratory approach which can be employed in other related studies for identifying the characteristics of rural entrepreneurs and factors associated with entrepreneurship.
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References
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49. TSAI, W. and GHOSHAL, S. Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks,” The Academy of Management Journal 41(4), pp 464-476.
50. VÁZQUEZ, B. A. La política de desarrollo económico local. Disponible en: http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/1/7791/ lcl1549E_cap01.pdf. Consultado en 2000
51. VECIANA, J. M. Creación de empresas como programa de investigación científica. En : Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa. Vol. 8, No. 3 (1999); pp. 11-36.
52. VERESHCHAGINA, G. and. HOPENHAYN, H. Risk Taking by Entrepreneurs. In: American Economic Review, American Economic Association. Vol. 99, No. 5 (Dec, 2009); pp.1808-30.
53. WONG, P. K.; HO, y. P. and AUTIO, E. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data. In : Small Business Economics. Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005); pp. 335-350.
2. AHMAD, Nadim and HOFFMAN, A.A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship, OECD Statistics Directorate Working Paper, STD/DOC. 2008.
3. AHMAD, Nadim and SEYMOUR, Richard G. Defining Entrepreneurial Activity: Definitions Supporting Frameworks for Data Collection, OECD Statistics Working Papers, OECD Publishing, 2008. Disponible en: http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/243164686763
4. ALONSO, NUEZ María Jesús y GALVE GORRIZ, Carmen. El emprendedor y la empresa: una revisión teórica de los determinantes a su constitución. En: Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales. No. 26,(jul., 2008); pp. 5-44.
5. ARRÁZOLA M., Annelissie. Emprendedurismo. Bolivia. Disponible en:http://produccionintelectual.nur.edu/archivos/ emprendedurismo.pdf, [Consultado en febrero de 2010].
6. AUBERT, Patrick; CAROLi, Eve and ROGER, Muriel. New Technologies, Organization and Age: Firm-Level Evidence. In: The Economic Journal, 116 (2006); F73-F93.
7. BALDWIN, J., and GELLATLY, G. Innovation Strategies and Performance in SMEs”. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.
8. BAUMOL, W. J. Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory. In: The American Economic Review. Vol. 58, No. 2. Papers and Proceedings of the Eightieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.(May, 1968);pp. 64-71.
9. BERMÚDEZ MORA, Juan Carlos. Gestión de la innovación en Costa Rica. En: Revista Madri + d. No. 45, (Nov-Dic, 2007)
10. BLANCHFLOWER, David G. y ANDREW, Oswald. What makes an entrepreneur? In: Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 16, No.1(1998); pp. 26-60.
11. BRAVO R. J. H. y GÁMEZ G. Hacia una caracterización del emprendedor rural en Cundinamarca, municipios de El Rosal y Subachoque. En: Revista Gestión y Sociedad. Vol. 4, No. 1. (enejun, 2011); pp.129-143. ISSN 2027-1433.
12. CASSAR, G. Entrepreneur motivation, growth preferences and intended venture growth. In: Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland. 2004.
13. CIIAAS. Manejo de riesgos en innovación. Boletín CIIAAS. No. 021. Disponible en: http://ciiaas.org/pdf/meses/28%20abr%20 08/CIIAAS.28.04.2008.pdf
14. COE, D. and HELPMAN, E. International R & D spillovers. In: European Economic Review. Vol. 39 No.5 (1995); pp. 859-887.
15. DAS, T. K. y TENG, B. S.Time and entrepreneurial risk behavior. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 22, No. 2 (1997); pp. 69-88.
16. DE CAROLIS, D and SAPARITO, P. Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 30, No. 1(2006); pp. 41–56.
17. DE CAROLIS, D.; LITZKY B. and EDDLESTON K. Why Networks Enhance the Progress of New Venture Creation: The Influence of Social Capital and Cognition. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 33, No. (2009); pp. 527-545.
18. FISCHER, M. E.; REUBER E, R. and DYKE, L. A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. In: Journal of Business Venturing. Vol. 8, Issue, (March, 1993); pp. 151-168.
19. FEENY, S. and ROGERS, M. Innovation and Performance: Benchmarking Australian Firms. In: The Australian Economics Review. Vol. 36, No. 3 (2033); pp. 253-264.
20. FREIRE-GIBB L. C. and NIELSEN K. Entrepreneurship within Urban and Rural Areas Individual Creativity and Social Network. DRUID Working Paper No. 11-01. 2011. ISBN 978- 87-7873-312-2.
21. GERMÁN-SOTO, V.; GUTIÉRREZ-FLORES, L. y TOVAR-MONTIEL, S. Factores y relevancia geográfica del proceso de innovación regional en México. En: Estudios Económicos, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2009); pp. 225-248.
22. GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL DE PUEBLA. Sectores productivos. http://www.pueblacapital.gob.mx/wb/negociospuebla/sectores_ productivos. 2009.
23. GONZÁLEZ, M.J. y RODRÍGUEZ, J. Evaluación de la ley de incentivos para estimular la creación de empleo en las comunidades autónomas de Andalucía y Cantabria. En : Revista de estudios regionales. No. 59 (2011); pp. 129-143.
24. HADJIMANOLIS, A.A Resource-based View of Innovativeness in Small Firms. In :Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. Vol.12, No. 2 (2000); pp. 263-281.
25. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA Y GEOGRAFÍA. Censo Agrícola, Ganadero y Forestal de México, 2007”. Disponible en: http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/Agro/ ca2007/Resultados_Agricola/default.aspx. Consultado: 2010
26. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA Y GEOGRAFÍA. Censos económicos 2009: micro, pequeña, mediana y gran empresa, estratificación de establecimientos. México, 2011.
27. JENSEN, M. B., JOHNSON, B., LORENZ, E., and LUNDVALL, B. Å. Forms of knowledge and modes of innovation. In : Research Policy. Vol. 36 (2007); pp. 680-693.
28. JOHANNESSEN, J. A.; OLSEN, B. y LUMPKIN, G. T. Innovation as Newness: What is New, How New and New to Whom? In : European Journal of Innovation Management. Vol. 4, No. 1 (2001); pp. 20-31.
29. KANTIS, H.; ISHIDA, M. and KOMORI, M. Empresarialidad en economías emergentes. Creación de empresas en América Latina y el Este de Asia”, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington. [English version: Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: The Creation and Development of New Firms In Latin America and East Asia]. 2002.
30. KIRZNER, I M. Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. In : Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 35, No. 1 (1997); pp. 60-85.
31. KLINE, S. J. and ROSENBERG, N. An Overview of Innovation. In R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 1986. pp. 275-304.
32. KOELLINGER, P.; MINNITI, M. and SCHADE, C. I think I can, I can: Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. In : Journal of Economic Psychology. Vol. 28, No. 4 (2007); pp. 502-527.
33. LAZAER, P. Edwuard. Entrepreneurship. NBER Working Paper 9109, 2002.
34. LEVENBURG, N.; MAGAL, S. and KOSALGE, P. An Exploratory Investigation of Organizational Factors and E-Business Motivations Among SMFOEs in the US. In : Electronic Markets. Vol. 16, No. 1 (2006); pp. 70-84.
35. LUNDSTRÖM, A. and STEVENSON, l. Entrepreneurship Policy, Theory and Practices. ISEN International Studies in Entrepreneurship, Springer, 2005.
36. NADIRI, M. Ishaq. Innovations and Technological Spillovers. C. V. Starr Center for Applied Economics. In : National Bureau of Economic Research. (Aug, 1993); pp. 93-31.
37. NONAKA, I. and TAKEUCHI, H. The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. USA: Ed. New York, 1995.
38. NORTH, D. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
39. OBSERVATORIO EUROPEO LEADER. La competitividad medioambiental: Construir una estrategia de desarrollo territorial con base en la experiencia de LEADER. Innovación en el medio rural. En : Cuadernos de la Innovación, No. 6, Fascículo 3 (jun, 2000); 49 p.
40. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD). Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. 3rd ed. Paris: Joint Publication of the OECD and the Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005.
41. ORTI, G. A. M. Fomento de la iniciativa emprendedora del estudiante universitario. La autosuficiencia percibida emprendedora, Sevilla. Disponible en: http:/www.uned.es/ coie.2003
42. PÉREZ, H. P.; OLIVER, E. R.; MERRIT, T. H.; MÁRQUEZ, A. y LEÓN, A. J., (2006) “El emprendedor en México: ingenio vs innovación. Primer Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencia, Tecnología, Sociedad e Innovación, CTS+I. México, 2006.
43. SCHUMPETER, J. A. The Theory of the Economic Development. (R. Opie, Traductor), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (trabajo original publicado en 1911), 1934.
44. SCHUMPETER, J.A. Assays on Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Business Cycles and The Evaluation of Capitalism, New Brunswick and London, Transactions Publications. 1991
45. Secretaria de Economía. Acuerdo por el que se establece la estratificación de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. México, D.F.: Diario Oficial de la Federación. Tercera sección, 25 de junio 2009.
46. SIEM. Directorio de empresas. Disponible en: www. s i e m . g o b . m x / s i e m 2 0 0 8 / p o r t a l / c o n s u l t a s / r e s p u e s t a . asp?language=0&captcha=1. Consultado 2011
47. SOBEL, R. S. Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship. In : Journal of Business Venturing. Vol. 23, No. 6 (2008); pp. 641-655.
48. THURIK, R. and WENNEKERS S. Entrepreneurship, Small Business and Economic Growth. In : Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development.Vol. 11, No. 1 (2004); pp. 140-149.
49. TSAI, W. and GHOSHAL, S. Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks,” The Academy of Management Journal 41(4), pp 464-476.
50. VÁZQUEZ, B. A. La política de desarrollo económico local. Disponible en: http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/1/7791/ lcl1549E_cap01.pdf. Consultado en 2000
51. VECIANA, J. M. Creación de empresas como programa de investigación científica. En : Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa. Vol. 8, No. 3 (1999); pp. 11-36.
52. VERESHCHAGINA, G. and. HOPENHAYN, H. Risk Taking by Entrepreneurs. In: American Economic Review, American Economic Association. Vol. 99, No. 5 (Dec, 2009); pp.1808-30.
53. WONG, P. K.; HO, y. P. and AUTIO, E. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data. In : Small Business Economics. Vol. 24, No. 3 (2005); pp. 335-350.
