Natural fiber and recycled polymer composite materials: blends, pretreatments, coupling agents and mechanical properties - A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/1794-4953/avances.1.7579Keywords:
agente de acople, fibras naturales, materiales compuestos, polímeros reciclados, pretratamientoAbstract
This study provides a literature review of composite materials made from recycled polymers and natural fibers. The aim is to identify identify existing mixtures, as well as the influence of variables such as fiber loading, pretreatment, the use of coupling agents, and fiber size on the resulting mechanical properties of the composites. The most suitable fiber proportion for improved mechanical properties identified varies from 15 % to 40 % by weight. Furthermore, pretreatments such as NaOH and coupling agents made from maleic anhydride improve interfacial bonding between matrices and fibers, which results in improved mechanical properties. Likewise, it was found that properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact resilience improved with the addition of fiber up to 40 % by weight. Meanwhile, impact strength, tensile strain and elongation adhered to the trend of not improving with the addition of natural fibers. Therefore, after comparing the mechanical properties of different composite material mixtures, it was found that variables such as pretreatment, the use of coupling agents, fiber size and matrix-reinforcement ratios greatly influence the produced composite materials. Moreover, it was demonstrated that even slightly changing one of the variables can radically alter the interfacial interaction.
Downloads
References
D. B. Rocha y D. d S. Rosa, "Coupling effect of starch coated fibers for recycled polymer/wood composites”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 172, pp. 1-8, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.052
M. Tufan et al., "Effects of different filler types on decay resistance and thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene composites”, Iran Polym. J., vol. 25, n.º 7, pp. 615-622, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-016-0452-6
M. Poletto, "Maleated soybean oil as coupling agent in recycled polypropylene/wood flour composites: mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 32, n.º 8, pp. 1056-1067, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705718785707
J. Anggono et al., "Deformation and failure of sugarcane bagasse reinforced PP”, Eur. Polym. J., vol. 112, pp. 153-160, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.033
M. F. V. Marques et al., "Thermal and mechanical properties of sustainable composites reinforced with natural fibers”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 23, n.º 2, pp. 251-260, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-014-0687-2
M. K. Lila et al., "A recyclability study of bagasse fiber reinforced polypropylene composites”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 152, pp. 272-279, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.001
M. Hughes y M. Hughes, "Defects in natural fibres: their origin, characteristics and implications for natural fibre-reinforced composites”, J. Mater. Sci., vol. 47, n.º 2, pp. 599-609, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6025-3
A. Komuraiah, N. S. Kumar y B. D. Prasad, "Chemical composition of natural fibers and its influence on their mechanical properties”, Mech. Compos. Mater., vol. 50, n.º 3, pp. 359-376, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-014-9422-2
M. Rokbi et al., "Effect of processing parameters on tensile properties of recycled polypropylene based composites reinforced with jute fabrics”, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf., vol. 3, n.º 2, pp. 144-149, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.09.005
A. Lima et al., "Recycled polyethylene composites reinforced with jute fabric from sackcloth: part I-preparation and preliminary assessment”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 20, n.º 1, pp. 245-253, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0373-6
P. Naldony, T. H. Flores-Sahagun y K. G. Satyanarayana, "Effect of the type of fiber (coconut, eucalyptus, or pine) and compatibilizer on the properties of extruded composites of recycled high density polyethylene”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 50, n.º 1, pp. 45-56, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315570141
M. D. Erdman y B. A. Erdman, "Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), food, feed, fuel, and fiber resource”, Econ. Bot., vol. 38, n.º 3, pp. 332-341, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859011
R. S. Chen et al., "Effect of polymer blend matrix compatibility and fibre reinforcement content on thermal stability and flammability of ecocomposites made from waste materials”, Thermochim. Acta, vol. 640, pp. 52-61, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.08.005
M. N. Islam and M. S. Islam, "Characterization of chemically modified sawdust-reinforced recycled polyethylene composites”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 28, n.º 8, pp. 1135-1153, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705713503671
S. K. Najafi et al., "Water absorption behavior of composites from sawdust and recycled plastics”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 26, n.º 3, pp. 341-348, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407072519
N. Hidayah Marzuki et al., "Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber and montmorillonite reinforced recycled polyethylene terephthalate/recycled polypropylene”, Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, n.º 10, pp. 21879-21887, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.07.046
D. D. P. Moreno, D. Hirayama y C. Saron, "Accelerated aging of pine wood waste/recycled LDPE composite”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 149, pp. 39-44, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.014
B. Koohestani et al., "Comparison of different natural fiber treatments: a literature review”, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, n.º 1, pp. 629-642, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1890-9
K. Zadeh et al., "Effects of date palm leaf fiber on the thermal and tensile properties of recycled ternary polyolefin blend composites”, Fibers Polym., vol. 18, n.º 7, pp. 1330-1335, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-1106-9
M. R. Islam, M. D. H. Beg y A. Gupta, "Characterization of alkali-treated kenaf fibre-reinforced recycled polypropylene composites”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 27, n.º 7, pp. 909-932, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705712461511
C. Wu y C. Wu, "Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion and Characterisation of Recycled Natural Fibre-Filled Biodegradable Green Composites”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 26, n.º 7, pp. 2676-2685, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1160-9
I. Ahmad y T. M. Mei, "Mechanical and morphological studies of Rubber Wood Sawdust-Filled UPR composite based on recycled PET”, Polym.-Plast. Tech. Eng., vol. 48, n.º 12, pp. 1262-1268, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550903204105
P. S. Sari et al., "Effect of plasma modification of polyethylene on natural fibre composites prepared via rotational moulding”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 177, pp. 107344, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107344
R. M. de Sá, C. S. de Miranda y N. M. José, "Preparation and characterization of nanowhiskers cellulose from fiber arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)”, Mater. Res., vol. 18, n.º 2, pp. 225-229, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.366214
J. A. Foulk et al., "Enzyme-retted flax fiber and recycled polyethylene composites”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 12, n.º 3, pp. 165-171, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOOE.0000038548.73494.59
Y. Martínez López et al., "Production of wood-plastic composites using cedrela odorata sawdust waste and recycled thermoplastics mixture from post-consumer products - A sustainable approach for cleaner production in Cuba”, J. Clean. Prod., vol. 244, pp. 118723, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118723
A. Lima, S. Monteiro y K. Satyanarayana, "Recycled polyethylene composites reinforced with jute fabric from Sackcloth: Part II-impact strength evaluation”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 19, n.º 4, pp. 957-965, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0347-8
M. Cosnita, C. Cazan y A. Duta, "Interfaces and mechanical properties of recycled rubber-polyethylene terephthalate-wood composites”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 48, n.º 6, pp. 683-694, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998313476561
A. C. N. Singleton et al., "On the mechanical properties, deformation and fracture of a natural fibre/recycled polymer composite”, Compos. B, vol. 34, n.º 6, pp. 519-526, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00042-8
A. Ogah y A. Ogah, "Characterization of sorghum bran/recycled low density polyethylene for the manufacturing of polymer composites”, J. Polym. Environ., vol. 25, n.º 3, pp. 533-543, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0830-3
J. R. Araújo, W. R. Waldman and M. A. De Paoli, "Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: Coupling agent effect”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 93, n.º 10, pp. 1770-1775, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.021
D. K. Rajak et al., "Recent progress of reinforcement materials: a comprehensive overview of composite materials”, J. Mater. Res. Tech., vol. 8, n.º 6, pp. 6354-6374, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.068
E. Corradini et al., "Interfacial behavior of composites of recycled poly(ethyelene terephthalate) and sugarcane bagasse fiber”, Polym. Test., vol. 28, n.º 2, pp. 183-187, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.11.014
M. J. P. Macedo et al., "Composites from recycled polyethylene and plasma treated kapok fibers”, Cellulose, vol. 27, n.º 4, pp. 2115-2134, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02946-4
A. Arsad et al., "The influence of kenaf fiber as reinforcement on recycled polypropylene/recycled polyamide-6 composites”, Int. J. Plast. Technol., vol. 17, n.º 2, pp. 149-162, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-013-9055-7
R. H. Cruz-Estrada et al., "Potential use of waste from tree pruning and recovered plastic to obtain a building material: Case study of Merida, Mexico”, Waste Manag. Res., pp. 734242, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20928404
N. Hidayah Marzuki et al., "Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber and montmorillonite reinforced recycled polyethylene terephthalate/recycled polypropylene”, Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, n.º 10, pp. 21879-21887, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.07.046
M. N. Islam y M. S. Islam, "Characterization of chemically modified sawdust-reinforced recycled polyethylene composites”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 28, n.º 8, pp. 1135-1153, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705713503671
S. Nayak, G. Dixit y K. Appu Kuttan, "Mechanical properties of eco-friendly recycled polymer composites: a comparative study of theoretical and experimental results”, Int. J. Plast. Technol., vol. 17, n.º 1, pp. 75-93, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-013-9050-z
T. P. Nguyen, C. Sollogoub y A. Guinault, "Relationship between fiber chemical treatment and properties of recycled pp/bamboo fiber composites”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 29, n.º 21, pp. 3244-3256, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684410370905
P. Noorunnisa Khanam y M. A. AlMaadeed, "Improvement of ternary recycled polymer blend reinforced with date palm fibre”, Mater. Des., vol. 60, pp. 532-539, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.033
R. S. Chen y S. Ahmad, "Mechanical performance and flame retardancy of rice husk/organoclay-reinforced blend of recycled plastics”, Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 198, pp. 57-65, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.05.054
Y. Lei et al., "Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/natural fiber composites”, Compos. A App. Sci. Manuf., vol. 38, n.º 7, pp. 1664-1674, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.02.001
N. Lu y S. Oza, "A comparative study of the mechanical properties of hemp fiber with virgin and recycled high density polyethylene matrix”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 45, n.º 1, pp. 1651-1656, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.076
A. Dehghani et al., "Mechanical and thermal properties of date palm leaf fiber reinforced recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites”, Mater. Des. (1980-2015), vol. 52, pp. 841-848, 2013.
M. J. Taufiq, M. R. Mansor y Z. Mustafa, "Characterisation of wood plastic composite manufactured from kenaf fibre reinforced recycled-unused plastic blend”, Compos. Struct., vol. 189, pp. 510-515, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.090
O. A. Saputra et al., "Improvement of thermo-mechanical properties of short natural fiber reinforced recycled polypropylene composites through double step grafting process”, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 75, pp. 12023, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/75/1/012023
M. Z. Abdullah y N. H. Che Aslan, "Performance evaluation of composite from recycled polypropylene reinforced with mengkuang leaf fiber”, Resources, vol. 8, n.º 2, pp. 97, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020097
A. Gupta et al., "Mechanical and thermal degradation behavior of sisal fiber (SF) reinforced recycled polypropylene (RPP) composites”, Fibers Polym., vol. 15, n.º 5, pp. 994-1003, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-0994-1
M. Naushad et al., "Mechanical and damage tolerance behavior of short sisal fiber reinforced recycled polypropylene biocomposites”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 51, n.º 8, pp. 1087-1097, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316658945
K. Rohit and S. Dixit, "Tensile and Impact Behaviour of Thermoplastic BOPP/Milk Pouches Blends Reinforced with Sisal Fibers”, Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol., vol. 33, n.º 3, pp. 139-152, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/147776061703300302
A. L. Catto et al., "Characterization of polypropylene composites using yerba mate fibers as reinforcing filler”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 174, pp. 106935, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106935
E. Erbas Kiziltas, A. Kiziltas and E. C. Lee, "Structure and properties of compatibilized recycled polypropylene/recycled polyamide 12 blends with cellulose fibers addition”, Polym. Compos., vol. 39, n.º 10, pp. 3556-3563, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24376
K. M. Zadeh, D. Ponnamma y M. Al Ali Al-Maadeed, "Date palm fibre filled recycled ternary polymer blend composites with enhanced flame retardancy”, Polym. Test., vol. 61, pp. 341-348, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.006
K. B. Adhikary, S. Pang y M. P. Staiger, "Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood-plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE)”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 39, n.º 5, pp. 807-815, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.10.005
G. N. Farahani, I. Ahmad y Z. Mosadeghzad, "Effect of fiber content, fiber length and alkali treatment on properties of kenaf fiber/UPR composites based on recycled PET wastes”, Polym.-Plast. Tech. Eng., vol. 51, n.º 6, pp. 634-639, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.659314
A. A. El-Fattah et al., "The effect of sugarcane bagasse fiber on the properties of recycled high density polyethylene”, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 49, n.º 26, pp. 3251-3262, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998314561484
Khalil, H. P. S. A et al., "Recycle Polypropylene (RPP) - Wood Saw Dust (WSD) Composites - Part 1: the effect of different filler size and filler loading on mechanical and water absorption properties”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 25, n.º 12, pp. 1291-1303, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406062060
A. R. Kakroodi et al., "Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene/SBR rubber crumbs blends reinforced by birch wood flour”, Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 20, n.º 5, pp. 439-444, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/096739111202000503
C. Homkhiew, T. Ratanawilai y W. Thongruang, "Composites from recycled polypropylene and rubberwood flour”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 28, n.º 2, pp. 179-194, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705712475019
S. P. Dinesh, "Structure and properties of recycled bamboo fiber reinforced chemically functionalized ethylene propylene rubber composites”, Polym. Polym. Compos., pp. 96739111989411, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119894112
J. O. Agunsoye y V. S. Aigbodion, "Bagasse filled recycled polyethylene bio-composites: Morphological and mechanical properties study”, Results Phys., vol. 3, pp. 187-194, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2013.09.003
C. Tan, I. Ahmad y M. Heng, "Characterization of polyester composites from recycled polyethylene terephthalate reinforced with empty fruit bunch fibers”, Mater. Des., vol. 32, n.º 8, pp. 4493-4501, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.037
T. Zi‐Ni et al., "Characteristics of Metroxylon sagu Resistant Starch Type III as Prebiotic Substance”, J. Food Sci., vol. 80, n.º 4, pp. H875-H882, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12817
K. Das et al., "Development of recycled polypropylene matrix composites reinforced with waste jute caddies”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 29, n.º 2, pp. 201-208, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684408096929
H. Younesi-Kordkheili y A. Pizzi, "Ionic liquid- modified lignin as a bio- coupling agent for natural fiber- recycled polypropylene composites”, Compos. B Eng., vol. 181, pp. 107587, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107587
H. Hong et al., "Transform Rice Husk and recycled polyethylene into high performance composites: using a novel compatibilizer to infiltratively enhance the interfacial interactions”, Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol., vol. 32, n.º 4, pp. 253-268, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/147776061603200405
K. M. Zadeh, D. Ponnamma y M. Al Ali Al-Maadeed, "Date palm fibre filled recycled ternary polymer blend composites with enhanced flame retardancy”, Polym. Test., vol. 61, pp. 341-348, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.006
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Avances: Investigación en Ingeniería
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
