Effects of the calcination temperature and the load of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the synthesis of novel bentonite ceramic foams
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/1794-4953/avances.1.1292Keywords:
Ceramic foams,, Bentonite, Replication process, Calcination temperature, Sodium carboxymethyl celluloseAbstract
Novel ceramic foams were obtained by the replica method, using bentonite as alternative raw material and polyurethane sponge as template, where the latter also controls the distribution of the pore size of these ceramics. The synthesis of the ceramics was carried out using slurries of bentonite clay with different percentages of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder, and evaluating different calcination temperatures. The effect of these factors on the textural and morphological properties of the ceramic foams was studied. The porosity measured by mercury intrusion showed that the total porosity of the ceramic foams decreases as the calcination temperature increases. Furthermore, a small quantity of porosity is generated after the burnout of the binder during the calcination step. This porosity is given by pore sizes from 0.05 to 3 μm and it was increased with the amount of the binder that was increased, which was also confirmed by scanning electron micrographs. The characterization of bentonite clay, polyurethane, coated polyurethane sponge and ceramic foams was also complemented with thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, and mechanical strength measurements.
Downloads
References
G. Incera Garrido, F.C. Patcas, S. Lang andB. Kraushaar-Czarnetzki, Mass transferand pressure drop in ceramic foams:A description for different pore sizesand porosities, Chem. Eng. Sci., 63 [21]5202-5217 (2008).
K. Schwartzwalder and A.V. Somers, Methodof making porous ceramic articles, U.S.Patent No.3090094 (1963).
L. Montanaro, Y. Jorand, G. Fantozzi andA. Negro, Ceramic foams by powderprocessing, J. Eu. Ceram. Soc., 18 [9]1339-1350 (1998).
J. Saggio-Woyansky, C.E. Scott and W.P. Minnear,Processing of porous ceramics, Am.Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71 [11] 1674-1682 (1992).
A.R. Studart, Urs T. Gonzenbach, E. Tervoortand L.J. Gauckler, Processing routes tomacroporous ceramics: A review, J. Am.Ceram. Soc., 89 [6] 1771-1789 (2006).
M. Scheffler and P. Colombo, Cellular ceramics:Structure, manufacturing, propertiesand applications, Ch. 2, ISBN 3-527-31320-6, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2005.
M.V. Twigg and J.T. Richardson, Fundamentalsand applications of structuredceramic foam catalysts, Ind. Eng. Chem.Res., 46 [12] 4166-4177 (2007).
J. Villarroel, D. Barrera, M.E. Roca Jalil,D. Torres and K. Sapag, Natural andmodified clays as adsorbents in waterremediation, in “electronic book:Sustainable development: Water, airand solids (Volume II)”, edited by: G.C.Díaz Trujillo, ISBN: 978-607-607-011-6,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,Mexico, p. 73-98, 2011.
F.A. Acosta, A.H. Castillejos, J.M. Almanzaand A. Flores, Analysis of liquid flowthrough ceramics porous media usedfor molten metal filtration, Metall. Mater.Trans. B., 26B [1] 159-171 (1995).
S. Oh, N. Oh, M. Appleford and J.L. Ong,Bioceramics for tissue engineeringapplications – A review, Am. J. Biochem.Biotech, 2 [2] 49-56 (2006).
Z-H. Wen, Y-S. Han, L. Liang and J-B. Li,Preparation of porous ceramics withcontrollable pore sizes in an easy andlow-cost way, Mater. Charact., 59 [9]1335-1338 (2008).
M.A.A. Muhamad Nor, L.C. Hong, Z.A.Ahmad and H.M. Akil, Preparation andcharacterization of ceramic foam producedvia polymeric foam replicationmethod, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 207[1-3] 235-239 (2008).
T.Y. Yang, W.Y. Kim, S.Y. Yoon and H.C.Park, Macroporous silicate ceramicsprepared by freeze casting combinedwith polymer sponge method, J. Phys.Chem. Solids., 71 [4] 436-439 (2010).
P. Sooksaen and S. Karawatthanaworrakul,The properties of southern Thailandclay-based porous ceramics fabricatedfrom different pore size templates,Appl. Clay Sci., 104, 295-302 (2015).
M.N. Rahaman. Ceramic processing andsintering, Ch. 4 and 6, ISBN 0-8247-0988-8, Marcel Dekker, USA, 2003.
S.I. Conceição, J.L. Velho and J.M.F. Ferreira,Influence of deagglomeration and carboxymethylcellulose binders on rheologicalbehaviour of kaolin suspensions,Appl. Clay Sci., 23 [5-6] 257-264 (2003).
M. Thommes, K. Kaneko, A.V. Neimark,J.P. Olivier, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, J.Rouquerol and K.S.W. Sing, Physisorptionof gases, with special referenceto the evaluation of surface area andpore size distribution (IUPAC technicalreport), Pure App. Chem., 87 [9-10]1051-1069 (2015).
F. Rouquerol, J. Rouquerol and K.S.W. Sing,Adsorption by powders and poroussolids. Principles, methodology andapplications, ISBN 0-12-598920-2,Academic Press, France, 1999.
P.I Ravikovitch, D. Wei, W.T. Chueh, G.L. Hallerand A.V. Neimark, Evaluation of porestructure parameters of MCM-41 catalystsupports and catalysts by means ofnitrogen and argon adsorption, J. Phys.Chem. B, 101 [19] 3671-3679 (1997).
E. Sousa, C.B. Silveira, T. Fey, P. Greil, D.Hotza and A.P. Novaes de Oliveira,LZSA glass ceramic foams preparedby replication process, Adv. Appl. Sci.,104 [1] 22-29 (2005).
M. Dressler, S. Reinsch, R. Schadrack andS. Benemann, Burnout behavior ofceramic coated open cell polyurethane(PU) sponges, J. Eu. Ceram. Soc., 29[16] 3333-3339 (2009).
