Marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares para el diagnóstico, pronóstico y seguimiento del cáncer endometrial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-7841/rcslibre.2017v12n1.1416Palabras clave:
Cáncer endometrial, Marcador bioquímico, Marcador molecular, Inestabilidad microsatéliteResumen
En el cáncer de endometrio, el subtipo endometrioide, las variables clínicas e histológicas son las más importantes para el pronóstico de la enfermedad, entre estas se encuentran: el estadio según la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FIGO), el grado del tumor, la profundidad de la invasión miometrial, el compromiso del espacio linfático-vascular y/o de los ganglios linfáticos. Existen hasta el momento varias investigaciones que evalúan diferentes variables biológicas en muestras de suero y de tejido tumoral para detectar biomarcadores capaces de predecir un resultado clínico. En el presente artículo se revisa la evidencia sobre la relevancia en el campo diagnóstico, de pronóstico y seguimiento de marcadores moleculares como el p53, PTEN, PIK3, mTOR, B-cateninas, inestabilidad de microsatélites, la expresión del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, aneuploidía del DNA entre otros y de marcadores bioquímicos como CA125, CA15-3, YKL-40, VEGF, HE-4 que ayuden al médico a una mejor estratificación de los pacientes en categorías con diferentes riesgos de recurrencias y brindarles un mejor tratamiento adyuvante.
Descargas
Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.
Referencias
1. Salvesen HB, Haldorsen IS, Trovik J. Markers for individualised therapy in endometrial carcinoma. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2012;13(8):e353–61. Avai- lable from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub- med/22846840
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2016. Atlanta, Ga Am Cancer Soc. 2016;
3. Practice bulletin No 149 Endometrial Cancer. Acog. 2014;123(5):1118–32.
4. Tsikouras P, Bouchlariotou S, Vrachnis N, Dafopou- los A, Galazios G, Csorba R, et al. Endometrial can- cer: Molecular and therapeutic aspects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol [Internet]. 2013;169(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejo- grb.2013.01.018
5. Alektiar KM, Abu-Rustum NR FG. Cancer of the uterine body. In: VT D, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA E, editors. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg‘s Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelph. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 1048–64.
6. Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, editors. Uterine Cancer. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. Springer-Verlag New York; 2010. p. 403–9.
7. Buza N, Roque DM, Santin AD. HER2/neu in En- dometrial Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Target With Diagnostic Challenges. Arch Pathol Lab Med [Internet]. 2014;138(3):343–50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576030
8. Binder, Pratibha S MDG. Update on prognostic markers for endometrial cancer. Women’s Heal. 2014;10:277–88.
9. Banno K, Nogami Y, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Umene K, Masuda K, et al. Candidate biomarkers for genetic and clinicopathological diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2013;14(6):12123–37. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih. gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3709777&tool=pmcen- trez&rendertype=abstract
10. Fearon ER, Vogelstein. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990;61(5):759–67.
11. Zhu X, Kwon CH SP et al. PTEN induces G(1) cell cycle arrest and decreases cyclin D3 levels in endo- metrial carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4569–75.
12. Hayes MP, Wang H E-WR et al. PIK3CA and PTEN mutations in uterine endometrioid carcinoma and complex atypical hyperplasia. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5932–5.
13. Mutter GL, Lin MC FJ et al. Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:924–30.
14. Osaki M, Oshimura M IH. PI3K-Akt pathway: its functions and alterations in human cancer. Apop- tosis. 2004;9:667–76.
15. Wullschleger S, Loewith R HM. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell. 2006;124:471–84.
16. Averous J PC. When translation meets transforma- tion: the mTOR story. Oncogene. 2006;25:6423–35.
17. Gadducci A, Cosio S, Genazzani AR. Tissue and serum biomarkers as prognostic variables in en- dometrioid-type endometrial cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol [Internet]. 2011;80(2):181–92. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critre- vonc.2010.11.005
18. Sansal I SW. The biology and clinical relevance of the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway. J Clin Onco. 2004;22:2954–63.
19. Balint E VK. Activation and activities of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:1813– 23.
20. Weigelt B BS. Molecular targets and targeted the- rapeutics in endometrial cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:554–63.
21. Jia L, Liu Y YX et al. Endometrial glandular dysplasia with frequent p53 gene mutation: a genetic evidence supporting its precancer nature for endometrial serous carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2263–9.
22. Santin AD, Bellone S GM et al. Overexpression of HER-2/neu in uterine serous papillary cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1271–9 (.
23. Morrison C, Zanagnolo V RN et al. HER-2 is an in- dependent prognostic factor in endometrial cancer: association with outcome in a large cohort of surgica- lly staged patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(15):2376–85.
24. Muraki Y, Banno K, Yanokura M, Kobayashi Y, Kawaguchi M, Nomura H, et al. Epigenetic DNA hypermethylation : Clinical applications in endo- metrial cancer ( Review ). 2009;967–72.
25. Chin CF, Yeong FM. Safeguarding entry into mitosis: the antephase checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2010;30(1):22–32. Available from: http://www.pub- medcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.?artid=2798306&- tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
26. Wang X, Yang Y, Xu C, Xiao L, Shen H, Zhang X, et al. CHFR Suppression by Hypermethylation Sensitizes Endometrial Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel. Int J Gyne- col Cancer Off J Int Gynecol Cancer Soc [Internet]. 2011;21(6):996–1003. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792009
27. Bilbao C, Lara PC, Ramírez R, Henríquez-Hernán- dez LA, Rodríguez G, Falcón O, et al. Microsatellite Instability Predicts Clinical Outcome in Radia- tion-Treated Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2010;76(1):9–13. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0360301609032775
28. Esteller M, Catasus L, Matias-Guiu X et al. hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation is an early event in human endometrial tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1767–72.
29. Vassileva V, Millar A BL et al. Genes involved in DNA repair are mutational targets in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4095–9.
30. Basil JB, Goodfellow PJ, Rader JS, Mutch DG H, TJ. Clinical significance of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:1758–64.
31. Yanokura M, Banno K KY et al. MicroRNA and endo- metrial cancer: roles of small RNAs in human tumors and clinical applications. Oncol Lett. 2010;1:935–40.
32. Kuokkanen S, Chen B OL et al. Genomic profiling of microRNAs and messenger RNAs reveals hormonal regulation in microRNA expression in human endo- metrium. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:791–801.
33. BA L. Fine tuning of endometrial function by es- trogen and progesterone through microRNAs. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:653–5.
34. Bogen KT. Efficient tumorigenesis by mutation-in- duced failure to terminate microRNA-mediated adaptive hyperplasia. Med Hypotheses [Internet]. 2013;80(1):83–93. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.10.017
35. Boren T, Xiong Y HA et al. MicroRNAs and their target messenger RNAs associated with endometrial carcinogenesis. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110:206–15.
36. Wu W, Lin Z ZZ et al. Expression profile of mam- malian microRNAs in endometrioid adenocarcino- ma. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009;18:50–5.
37. Chung TK, Cheung TH HN et al. Dysregulated microRNAs and their predicted targets associated with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma in Hong Kong women. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1358–65.
38. Banno K, Yanokura M, Kisu I, Yamagami W, Su- sumu N, Aoki D. MicroRNAs in endometrial can- cer. Int J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013;18(2):186–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23380959
39. Lee, E.J.; Kim, T.J.; Kim, D.S.; Choi, C.H.; Lee, J.W.; Lee, J.H.; Bae, D.S.; Kim BG. p53 alteration inde- pendently predicts poor outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer: A clinicopathologic study of 131 cases and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;116:533–8.
40. Risinger, J.I.; Hayes, K.; Maxwell, G.L.; Carney, M.E.; Dodge, R.K.; Barrett, J.C.; Berchuck A. PTEN mutation in endometrial cancers is associated with favorable clinical and pathologic characteristics. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:3005–10.
41. Mackay, H.J.; Gallinger, S.; Tsao, M.S.; McLachlin, C.M.; Tu, D.; Keiser, K.; Eisenhauer EA., Oza AM. Prognostic value of microsatellite instability (MSI) and PTEN expression in women with endome- trial cancer: Results from studies of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG). Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:1365–73.
42. Saegusa, M.; Hashimura, M.; Yoshida, T.; Okayasu I. Beta-catenin mutations and aberrant nuclear expres- sion during endometrial tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:209–17.
43. Nicholson KM; Anderson NG. the protein kinase B/ Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal. 2002;14(5):381–95.
44. G Song; G Ouyang; Bao S. The activation of Akt/ PKB signaling pathway and cell survival. J Cell Moll Med. 2005;9(1):59–71.
45. Pallares J et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of PTEN in endometrial carcinoma: a tissue microarray study with a comparison of four commercial anti- bodies in correlation with molecular abnormalities. Mod Pathol an Off J United States Can Acad Pathol. 2005;18(5):719–25.
46. Uegaki K et al. PTEN - positive and phosphorylated - Akt - negative expression is a predictor of survival for patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2005;14(2):389–92.
47. Akiyama-Abe A et al. Loss of PTEN expression is an independent predictor of favourable survi- val in endometrial carcinomas. Br J pof Cancer. 2013;109(6):1703–10.
48. Seger R KE. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 1995;9(9):726–35.
49. Kourea HP et al. Expression of phosphorylated Akt, mTOR and MAPK in type I endometrial carcinoma: clinical significance. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(4):2321– 31.
50. Chen, C.A.; Cheng, W.F.; Lee, C.N.; Wei, L.H.; Chu, J.S.; Hsieh, F.J.; Hsieh CY. Cytosol vascular endo- thelial growth factor in endometrial carcinoma: Co- rrelation with disease-free survival. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;80:207–12.
51. Diaz-Padilla I, Amir E, Marsh S, Liu G, Mackay H. Genetic polymorphisms as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in gynecological cancers: A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol [Internet]. 2012;124(2):354–65. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0090825811008766
52. Lukes AS, Kohler MF, Pieper CF et al. Multivariable analysis of DNA ploidy, p53, and HER-2/neu as prognostic factors in endometrial cancer. Cancer. 1994;73:2380–5.
53. Zaino RJ, Davis AT, Ohlsson-Wilhelm BM BV. DNA content is an independent prognostic indicator in en- dometrial adenocarcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncolo- gy Group study. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:312–9.
54. Larson DM, Berg R, Shaw G KB. Prognostic signifi- cance of DNA ploidy in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;74:356–60.
55. Lundgren C, Auer G, Frankendal B, Nilsson B NB. Prognostic factors in surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2004;43:49–56.
56. Hogberg T, Fredstorp-Lidebring M, Alm P et al. A prospective population-based management program including primary surgery and postoperative risk assessment by means of DNA ploidy and histopatho- logy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is not necessary for the majority of patients with FIGO stage I-II endometrial c. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14:437–50.
57. Susini T, Amunni G, Molino C et al. Ten-year results of a prospective study on the prognostic role of ploidy in endometrial carcinoma: DNA aneuploidy identifies high-risk cases among the so-called “lowrisk” patients with well and moderately diffe- rentiated tumors. Cancer. 2007;109:882–90.
58. Wik E, Trovik J, Iversen OE et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy in endometrial carcinoma: a reproducible and valid prognostic marker in a routine diagnostic setting. Am J Obs Gynecol. 2009;201(603):e1–7.
59. Lim P, Aquino-Parsons CF, Wong F et al. Low-risk endometrial carcinoma: assessment of a treatment policy based on tumor ploidy and identification of additional prognostic indicators. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73:191–5.
60. Mangili G, Montoli S, De Marzi P et al. The role of DNA ploidy in postoperative management of stage I endometrial cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1278–83.
61. Scambia G, Gadducci A, Benedetti-Panici P et al. Combined use of CA 125 and CA 15-3 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:292–7.
62. Hakala A, Kacinski BM, Stanley ER et al. Macro- phage colonystimulating factor 1, a clinically useful tumor marker in endometrial adenocarcinoma: comparison with CA 125 and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. Am J Obs Gyne- col. 1995;173:112–9.
63. Cherchi PL, Dessole S, Ruiu GA et al. The value of serum CA 125 and the association CA 125/CA 19-9 in endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999;20:315–7.
64. Ginath S, Menczer J, Fintsi Y, Ben-Shem E, Glezer- man M A, I. Tissue and serum CA125 expression in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002;12:372–5.
65. Olt G, Soper J, Ramakrishnan S et al. Preoperative evaluation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obs Gynecol. 1996;174(1):316–9.
66. Sood AK, Buller RE, Burger RA, Dawson JD, Sorosky JI B, M. Value of preoperative CA 125 level in the management of uterine cancer and prediction of clinical outcome. Obs Gynecol. 1997;90:441–7.
67. Hsieh CH, ChangChien CC, Lin H et al. Can a preoperative CA 125 level be a criterion for full pelvic lymphadenectomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer? Gynecol Oncol. 2002;86:28–33.
68. Powell JL, Hill KA, Shiro BC, Diehl SJ GW. Preope- rative serum CA-125 levels in treating endometrial cancer. J Reprod Med. 2005;50:585–90.
69. Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Nielsen D PP. Serum YKL- 40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2006;15:194–202.
70. Mitsuhashi A, Matsui H, Usui H et al. Serum YKL-40 as a marker for cervical adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:71–7.
71. Høgdall EV, Ringsholt M, Høgdall CK et al. YKL-40 tissue expression and plasma levels in patients with ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:8.
72. Diefenbach CS, Shah Z, Iasonos A et al. Preopera- tive serum YKL- 40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104:435–42.
73. Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC et al. The use of multiple novel tumor biomarkers for the detection of ovarian carcinoma in patients with a pelvic mass. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:402–8.
74. Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC et al. Utility of a novel serum tumor biomarker HE4 in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. Gyne- col Oncol. 2008;110:196–201.
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2016. Atlanta, Ga Am Cancer Soc. 2016;
3. Practice bulletin No 149 Endometrial Cancer. Acog. 2014;123(5):1118–32.
4. Tsikouras P, Bouchlariotou S, Vrachnis N, Dafopou- los A, Galazios G, Csorba R, et al. Endometrial can- cer: Molecular and therapeutic aspects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol [Internet]. 2013;169(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejo- grb.2013.01.018
5. Alektiar KM, Abu-Rustum NR FG. Cancer of the uterine body. In: VT D, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA E, editors. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg‘s Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelph. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 1048–64.
6. Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, editors. Uterine Cancer. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. Springer-Verlag New York; 2010. p. 403–9.
7. Buza N, Roque DM, Santin AD. HER2/neu in En- dometrial Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Target With Diagnostic Challenges. Arch Pathol Lab Med [Internet]. 2014;138(3):343–50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576030
8. Binder, Pratibha S MDG. Update on prognostic markers for endometrial cancer. Women’s Heal. 2014;10:277–88.
9. Banno K, Nogami Y, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Umene K, Masuda K, et al. Candidate biomarkers for genetic and clinicopathological diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2013;14(6):12123–37. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih. gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3709777&tool=pmcen- trez&rendertype=abstract
10. Fearon ER, Vogelstein. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990;61(5):759–67.
11. Zhu X, Kwon CH SP et al. PTEN induces G(1) cell cycle arrest and decreases cyclin D3 levels in endo- metrial carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4569–75.
12. Hayes MP, Wang H E-WR et al. PIK3CA and PTEN mutations in uterine endometrioid carcinoma and complex atypical hyperplasia. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5932–5.
13. Mutter GL, Lin MC FJ et al. Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:924–30.
14. Osaki M, Oshimura M IH. PI3K-Akt pathway: its functions and alterations in human cancer. Apop- tosis. 2004;9:667–76.
15. Wullschleger S, Loewith R HM. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell. 2006;124:471–84.
16. Averous J PC. When translation meets transforma- tion: the mTOR story. Oncogene. 2006;25:6423–35.
17. Gadducci A, Cosio S, Genazzani AR. Tissue and serum biomarkers as prognostic variables in en- dometrioid-type endometrial cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol [Internet]. 2011;80(2):181–92. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critre- vonc.2010.11.005
18. Sansal I SW. The biology and clinical relevance of the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway. J Clin Onco. 2004;22:2954–63.
19. Balint E VK. Activation and activities of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:1813– 23.
20. Weigelt B BS. Molecular targets and targeted the- rapeutics in endometrial cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:554–63.
21. Jia L, Liu Y YX et al. Endometrial glandular dysplasia with frequent p53 gene mutation: a genetic evidence supporting its precancer nature for endometrial serous carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:2263–9.
22. Santin AD, Bellone S GM et al. Overexpression of HER-2/neu in uterine serous papillary cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1271–9 (.
23. Morrison C, Zanagnolo V RN et al. HER-2 is an in- dependent prognostic factor in endometrial cancer: association with outcome in a large cohort of surgica- lly staged patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(15):2376–85.
24. Muraki Y, Banno K, Yanokura M, Kobayashi Y, Kawaguchi M, Nomura H, et al. Epigenetic DNA hypermethylation : Clinical applications in endo- metrial cancer ( Review ). 2009;967–72.
25. Chin CF, Yeong FM. Safeguarding entry into mitosis: the antephase checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol [Internet]. 2010;30(1):22–32. Available from: http://www.pub- medcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.?artid=2798306&- tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
26. Wang X, Yang Y, Xu C, Xiao L, Shen H, Zhang X, et al. CHFR Suppression by Hypermethylation Sensitizes Endometrial Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel. Int J Gyne- col Cancer Off J Int Gynecol Cancer Soc [Internet]. 2011;21(6):996–1003. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792009
27. Bilbao C, Lara PC, Ramírez R, Henríquez-Hernán- dez LA, Rodríguez G, Falcón O, et al. Microsatellite Instability Predicts Clinical Outcome in Radia- tion-Treated Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2010;76(1):9–13. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0360301609032775
28. Esteller M, Catasus L, Matias-Guiu X et al. hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation is an early event in human endometrial tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1767–72.
29. Vassileva V, Millar A BL et al. Genes involved in DNA repair are mutational targets in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4095–9.
30. Basil JB, Goodfellow PJ, Rader JS, Mutch DG H, TJ. Clinical significance of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:1758–64.
31. Yanokura M, Banno K KY et al. MicroRNA and endo- metrial cancer: roles of small RNAs in human tumors and clinical applications. Oncol Lett. 2010;1:935–40.
32. Kuokkanen S, Chen B OL et al. Genomic profiling of microRNAs and messenger RNAs reveals hormonal regulation in microRNA expression in human endo- metrium. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:791–801.
33. BA L. Fine tuning of endometrial function by es- trogen and progesterone through microRNAs. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:653–5.
34. Bogen KT. Efficient tumorigenesis by mutation-in- duced failure to terminate microRNA-mediated adaptive hyperplasia. Med Hypotheses [Internet]. 2013;80(1):83–93. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.10.017
35. Boren T, Xiong Y HA et al. MicroRNAs and their target messenger RNAs associated with endometrial carcinogenesis. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110:206–15.
36. Wu W, Lin Z ZZ et al. Expression profile of mam- malian microRNAs in endometrioid adenocarcino- ma. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009;18:50–5.
37. Chung TK, Cheung TH HN et al. Dysregulated microRNAs and their predicted targets associated with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma in Hong Kong women. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1358–65.
38. Banno K, Yanokura M, Kisu I, Yamagami W, Su- sumu N, Aoki D. MicroRNAs in endometrial can- cer. Int J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013;18(2):186–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23380959
39. Lee, E.J.; Kim, T.J.; Kim, D.S.; Choi, C.H.; Lee, J.W.; Lee, J.H.; Bae, D.S.; Kim BG. p53 alteration inde- pendently predicts poor outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer: A clinicopathologic study of 131 cases and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;116:533–8.
40. Risinger, J.I.; Hayes, K.; Maxwell, G.L.; Carney, M.E.; Dodge, R.K.; Barrett, J.C.; Berchuck A. PTEN mutation in endometrial cancers is associated with favorable clinical and pathologic characteristics. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:3005–10.
41. Mackay, H.J.; Gallinger, S.; Tsao, M.S.; McLachlin, C.M.; Tu, D.; Keiser, K.; Eisenhauer EA., Oza AM. Prognostic value of microsatellite instability (MSI) and PTEN expression in women with endome- trial cancer: Results from studies of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG). Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:1365–73.
42. Saegusa, M.; Hashimura, M.; Yoshida, T.; Okayasu I. Beta-catenin mutations and aberrant nuclear expres- sion during endometrial tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:209–17.
43. Nicholson KM; Anderson NG. the protein kinase B/ Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal. 2002;14(5):381–95.
44. G Song; G Ouyang; Bao S. The activation of Akt/ PKB signaling pathway and cell survival. J Cell Moll Med. 2005;9(1):59–71.
45. Pallares J et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of PTEN in endometrial carcinoma: a tissue microarray study with a comparison of four commercial anti- bodies in correlation with molecular abnormalities. Mod Pathol an Off J United States Can Acad Pathol. 2005;18(5):719–25.
46. Uegaki K et al. PTEN - positive and phosphorylated - Akt - negative expression is a predictor of survival for patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2005;14(2):389–92.
47. Akiyama-Abe A et al. Loss of PTEN expression is an independent predictor of favourable survi- val in endometrial carcinomas. Br J pof Cancer. 2013;109(6):1703–10.
48. Seger R KE. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 1995;9(9):726–35.
49. Kourea HP et al. Expression of phosphorylated Akt, mTOR and MAPK in type I endometrial carcinoma: clinical significance. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(4):2321– 31.
50. Chen, C.A.; Cheng, W.F.; Lee, C.N.; Wei, L.H.; Chu, J.S.; Hsieh, F.J.; Hsieh CY. Cytosol vascular endo- thelial growth factor in endometrial carcinoma: Co- rrelation with disease-free survival. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;80:207–12.
51. Diaz-Padilla I, Amir E, Marsh S, Liu G, Mackay H. Genetic polymorphisms as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in gynecological cancers: A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol [Internet]. 2012;124(2):354–65. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0090825811008766
52. Lukes AS, Kohler MF, Pieper CF et al. Multivariable analysis of DNA ploidy, p53, and HER-2/neu as prognostic factors in endometrial cancer. Cancer. 1994;73:2380–5.
53. Zaino RJ, Davis AT, Ohlsson-Wilhelm BM BV. DNA content is an independent prognostic indicator in en- dometrial adenocarcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncolo- gy Group study. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:312–9.
54. Larson DM, Berg R, Shaw G KB. Prognostic signifi- cance of DNA ploidy in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;74:356–60.
55. Lundgren C, Auer G, Frankendal B, Nilsson B NB. Prognostic factors in surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2004;43:49–56.
56. Hogberg T, Fredstorp-Lidebring M, Alm P et al. A prospective population-based management program including primary surgery and postoperative risk assessment by means of DNA ploidy and histopatho- logy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is not necessary for the majority of patients with FIGO stage I-II endometrial c. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14:437–50.
57. Susini T, Amunni G, Molino C et al. Ten-year results of a prospective study on the prognostic role of ploidy in endometrial carcinoma: DNA aneuploidy identifies high-risk cases among the so-called “lowrisk” patients with well and moderately diffe- rentiated tumors. Cancer. 2007;109:882–90.
58. Wik E, Trovik J, Iversen OE et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy in endometrial carcinoma: a reproducible and valid prognostic marker in a routine diagnostic setting. Am J Obs Gynecol. 2009;201(603):e1–7.
59. Lim P, Aquino-Parsons CF, Wong F et al. Low-risk endometrial carcinoma: assessment of a treatment policy based on tumor ploidy and identification of additional prognostic indicators. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;73:191–5.
60. Mangili G, Montoli S, De Marzi P et al. The role of DNA ploidy in postoperative management of stage I endometrial cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1278–83.
61. Scambia G, Gadducci A, Benedetti-Panici P et al. Combined use of CA 125 and CA 15-3 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:292–7.
62. Hakala A, Kacinski BM, Stanley ER et al. Macro- phage colonystimulating factor 1, a clinically useful tumor marker in endometrial adenocarcinoma: comparison with CA 125 and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. Am J Obs Gyne- col. 1995;173:112–9.
63. Cherchi PL, Dessole S, Ruiu GA et al. The value of serum CA 125 and the association CA 125/CA 19-9 in endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999;20:315–7.
64. Ginath S, Menczer J, Fintsi Y, Ben-Shem E, Glezer- man M A, I. Tissue and serum CA125 expression in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002;12:372–5.
65. Olt G, Soper J, Ramakrishnan S et al. Preoperative evaluation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obs Gynecol. 1996;174(1):316–9.
66. Sood AK, Buller RE, Burger RA, Dawson JD, Sorosky JI B, M. Value of preoperative CA 125 level in the management of uterine cancer and prediction of clinical outcome. Obs Gynecol. 1997;90:441–7.
67. Hsieh CH, ChangChien CC, Lin H et al. Can a preoperative CA 125 level be a criterion for full pelvic lymphadenectomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer? Gynecol Oncol. 2002;86:28–33.
68. Powell JL, Hill KA, Shiro BC, Diehl SJ GW. Preope- rative serum CA-125 levels in treating endometrial cancer. J Reprod Med. 2005;50:585–90.
69. Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Nielsen D PP. Serum YKL- 40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2006;15:194–202.
70. Mitsuhashi A, Matsui H, Usui H et al. Serum YKL-40 as a marker for cervical adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:71–7.
71. Høgdall EV, Ringsholt M, Høgdall CK et al. YKL-40 tissue expression and plasma levels in patients with ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:8.
72. Diefenbach CS, Shah Z, Iasonos A et al. Preopera- tive serum YKL- 40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104:435–42.
73. Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC et al. The use of multiple novel tumor biomarkers for the detection of ovarian carcinoma in patients with a pelvic mass. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:402–8.
74. Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC et al. Utility of a novel serum tumor biomarker HE4 in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. Gyne- col Oncol. 2008;110:196–201.
Descargas
Publicado
2017-06-01
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Cómo citar
Narváez Ortega, G. J. (2017). Marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares para el diagnóstico, pronóstico y seguimiento del cáncer endometrial. Revista Colombiana Salud Libre, 12(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-7841/rcslibre.2017v12n1.1416
