The Impact of Decentralization on the Reconfiguration of the Colombian Political System

Abstract

This reflection article analyzes how unmet social demands can generate changes in the political system that involve new constitutional norms, institutions, public policies, and social values. In this sense, it reflects on the role of decentralization in the reconfiguration of Colombia’s political system. The study examines the historical tensions between fiscal centralism and structural regional problems such as poverty, inequality, and insecurity, which have exerted increasing pressure on the current political order.

The research follows a qualitative methodological approach through a descriptive–analytical documentary review that considers normative, statistical, investigative, and academic sources. Through this analysis, the main normative changes shaping the current General System of Participations (SGP) and the distribution of resources between the Nation and territorial entities are identified. The article focuses particularly on Legislative Act 03 of 2024, which progressively increases transfers to the regions from 24% to 39.5% of the Nation’s current revenues.

The results reveal a substantial modification in the relationship between the National Government and territorial entities, granting mayors and governors greater tools and responsibilities in managing resources and designing public policies. Throughout the text, it is argued that this constitutional and institutional change can strengthen the legitimacy of the Colombian State, improve responses to the unmet basic needs of the regions, and consolidate a more balanced model of territorial governance.

Finally, the article concludes that decentralization becomes a transformative axis of the Colombian political system insofar as it strengthens governance and citizen participation from the regions, especially those historically neglected. However, the success of this constitutional change will depend on the drafting and approval of a law of competence that establishes a new balance between the resources granted and the responsibilities assigned, as well as on the technical strengthening of territorial governments.