Epilepsia y embarazo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-7841/rcslibre.2021v16n1.7146Palabras clave:
Epilepsia, Embarazo, Convulsiones, Fármacos antiepilépticosResumen
La epilepsia es una condición frecuente en el embarazo afectando 0,3-0,8% de mujeres embarazadas y su inadecuado tratamiento puede derivar en complicaciones graves para la madre y el feto siendo las más relevantes el abrupcio de placenta, parto pretérmino y cesárea en la madre incluidas las caídas; y en el feto aborto, RCIU, hipoxia y las malformaciones congénitas; adicionalmente los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo afectan la distribución y efectividad de los medicamentos, el objetivo del tratamiento es lograr el mejor control de las convulsiones con menores efectos adversos para el binomio. Síntomas y signos de la epilepsia en el embarazo no difieren de los encontrados en mujeres no embarazadas, la historia clínica es importante para orientar el diagnóstico etiológico y de esta forma solicitar las ayudas diagnósticas pertinentes que incluyen electroencefalograma, tomografía axial computarizada o resonancia magnética nuclear del cerebro y química sanguínea, las imágenes diagnósticas están supeditadas al riesgo – beneficio por irradiación y por el uso del medio de contraste para el feto. El tratamiento de la epilepsia en contexto del embarazo debe iniciarse en el ámbito preconcepcional, del control prenatal, monitoreo intraparto y atención postparto. En casos de crisis epiléptica el manejo se orienta a la estabilización materna y control rápido de la crisis para prevenir hipoxia materna y fetal, es importante definir que el nacimiento inmediato por cesárea se reservará a los casos refractarios al manejo inicial o estatus epiléptico, en los demás casos la vía de parto se definirá por indicación obstétrica.
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