<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">entra</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Entramado</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Entramado</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1900-3803</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2539-0279</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad Libre de Cali</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
                        <article-id pub-id-type="other">16</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.9530</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de reflexión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: towards a new configuration?<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
				</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="pt">
					<trans-title>Gestão de recursos humanos na Gig Economy: rumo a uma nova configuração?</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9609-0319</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bedoya-Dorado</surname>
						<given-names>Cristian</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8122-9920</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peláez-León</surname>
						<given-names>Juan David</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor de la Fundación Universitaria Católica Lumen Gentium, Cali - Colombia cbedoya@unicatolica.edu.co https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-0319</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Fundación Universitaria Católica Lumen Gentium</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universitaria Católica Lumen Gentium</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Cali</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<email>cbedoya@unicatolica.edu.co</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Profesor Asociado de la Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia. juan.d.pelaez@correounivalle.edu.co https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-9920</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Valle</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Cali</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
				<email>juan.d.pelaez@correounivalle.edu.co</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn7">
					<label>Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p> The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jul-Dec</season>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>19</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e16</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The context of the Gig Economy involves a break in the standard employment relationship between employees and employer; and a questioning of the role of Human Resources management (HR) in charge of managing this link. This article aims to analyse the role and configuration of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy From the contingent configurational approach, the way in which HR practices are combined and configured to contribute to performance and manage the relationship with the individuals who participate in this economy is argued. It is found that the labour relationship between companies and gig workers is characterized by being transactional and symbiotic based on the utilitarian premise of mutual benefit. For this reason, for this context, an HR configuration oriented towards the market or maximizing productivity and the fulfilment of agreements would predominate.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>JEL CLASSIFICATION </title>
					<p>J0I; J2I; MI2</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<p>O contexto da Gig Economy implica uma ruptura da relação de emprego padrão entre empregados e empregador e um questionamento do papel da gestão de Recursos Humanos (RH) no gerenciamento desse vínculo. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o papel e a configuração da GRH no contexto da Gig Economy. A partir de uma abordagem configuracional contingente, ele argumenta como as práticas de RH são combinadas e configuradas para contribuir para o desempenho e gerenciar o relacionamento com os indivíduos que participam dessa economia. O estudo conclui que a relação de emprego entre as empresas e os trabalhadores autônomos é caracterizada como transacional e simbiótica, com base na premissa utilitarista do benefício mútuo. Assim, nesse contexto, predominaria uma configuração de RH orientada para o mercado ou para maximizar a produtividade e o cumprimento de acordos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL </title>
					<p>J01; J21; M12</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>KEYWORDS:</title>
				<kwd>Gig Economy</kwd>
				<kwd>human resources</kwd>
				<kwd>labour relations</kwd>
				<kwd>job</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras -chave:</title>
				<kwd>Economia gig</kwd>
				<kwd>recursos humanos</kwd>
				<kwd>relações industriais</kwd>
				<kwd>trabalho</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="72"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>1. Introduction</title>
			<p>Some of the contemporary debates in the world of work and organizations have placed new ways of working that account for a new configuration of organizations under the paradigm of flexibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Antunes, 2001</xref>; De la Garza, 2000; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Soto, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Stecher, 2015</xref>). This configuration has implied a transition from the so-called &quot;standard&quot; or &quot;traditional&quot; jobs to &quot;atypical&quot; or &quot;non-standard&quot; jobs, which blur the rules of long-term contracting, working hours, subordination practices, office work, and presence, among others (Antunes, 2001; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; De la Garza, 2000, 2009). Although these forms of work have been occurring in various economic sectors and industries worldwide, some authors have focused their attention on jobs that are framed in the so-called &quot;Gig Economy&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloisi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ashford, Caza, and Reid, 2018</xref>; De Stefano, 2016; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Kirven, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méda, 2019</xref>; Todolí-Signes, 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock and Graham, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>The jobs developed in this economy are characterized by being short-term, sporadic, independent, and autonomous (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Davis and Sinha, 2021</xref>). These have been positioned within the category of &quot;non-standard jobs&quot; because they involve a fragmented relationship and outside of what has traditionally implied an employment relationship. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloisi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Berg, Furrer, Harmon, Rani, &amp; Silberman, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cornelissen &amp; Cholakova, 2019</xref>; De Stefano, 2016; Duggan, Sherman, Carbery, &amp; McDonnell, 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Kirven, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méda, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schmidt, 2017</xref>; Todolí-Signes, 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock &amp; Graham, 2020</xref>). Most of these jobs are mediated by online platforms that digitally connect workers or individuals providing services with consumers, which can be performed in the cloud or specific geographic locations (Areosa, 2021; CEPAL and OIT, 2021; Duggan et al., 2020; Kirven, 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>; Woodcock and Graham, 2020).</p>
			<p>Gig Economy jobs have spread exponentially in different countries around the world thanks to the development of technological platforms, which have become easy access and performance strategies for income generation. According to some consulting firms, about 35% of workers in the United States work independently, and it is estimated that by 2027 this independent workforce will be the one with the highest participation (CEPAL and OIT, 2021; Deloitte, 2020; Digital Future Society, 2019; Upwork, 2020; World Economic Forum, 2020).</p>
			<p>How the Gig Economy has been organizing and transforming the labor market and productive sectors has led different authors to reflect on the role of human resources management (from now on HR) in this context. From a strategic perspective, HR management is responsible for contributing to the performance of the employee and the company through a series of practices that are developed in terms of time and the employment relationship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Allen and Wright, 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock, Page-Tickell, and Yerby, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Boxall, Purcell and Wright, 2007</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly, Fieseler, Cerne, Giessner, and Wong, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Guthrie, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Hauff, Alewell, and Hansen, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kepes and Delery, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>, 2002).The question then arises, what is their role and configuration in the Gig Economy, if workers do not have an employment contract and are linked in the short term or sporadically with multiple organizations?</p>
			<p>Considering that the disruptive trends of the Gig Economy have an impact on the management of organizations and specifically on HR management, this article proposes to reflect on the role and configuration of HR management in this context. To this end, the following objectives are developed:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>To present some of the theoretical approaches in the specialized literature on HR management to explain its role and how its practices are combined and configured to contribute to the performance of an organization. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>, 2002; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui, Pearce, Porter, and Tripoli, 1997</xref>).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Identify the challenges of Gig Economy companies in terms of HR management and the practices that have been researched on this topic according to the academic literature.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Establish a theoretical approach to analyze the role and configuration of HR management in the Gig Economy.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>The article is organized in four sections. First, a contemporary definition of HRM is presented. Next, some positions recorded in the academic literature on the role of HRM in the Gig Economy are described. Third, an analysis of the role of HRM in the Gig Economy from the contingent configurational approach is presented, and finally, conclusions and future lines of research are drawn.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Human Resource Management: a contemporary approach</title>
			<p>HRM is defined as the set of policies and practices that organizations use to attract, develop, and retain their workforce to support and help advance the organization's mission, goals, and strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cascio, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Garcia, 2009</xref>). From a strategic and contemplative orientation on which this definition is circumscribed, there is the position to argue HR management as a key player in the organization for being a source of competitive advantage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker and Huselid, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller and McEvoy, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Jackson, Schuler and Jiang, 2014</xref>; Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade and Drake, 2009).</p>
			<p>Among the lines of research recognized from a strategic orientation is the interest in understanding how HR practices are configured or grouped to contribute to company performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker and Huselid, 2006</xref>; Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009). Different researchers have argued that any organization must choose and design the relevant components of its HRM that provide not only a horizontal fit (i.e., alignment and complementarity of its HR practices) but also achieve a vertical fit (i.e., alignment between HRM and the organization's strategy) to achieve the desirable organizational outcomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chang and Chen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery and Doty, 1996</xref>). In this direction, Delery and Doty (1996) proposed three approaches to analyze the degree of &quot;internal fit&quot;.</p>
			<p>The first approach is known as the universal approach, which formulates the assumption that HR practices can be categorized into a set of &quot;best practices&quot; that happen to be appropriate for all contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller and McEvoy, 2012</xref>: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery and Doty, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>). Under this approach, different authors propose that there are several sets of best practices that, aimed at achieving different results, are appropriate for all contexts (Jiang et al., 2012), can apply to all companies, for example, practices grouped in high-performance HR systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Shih, Chiang and Hsu, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Huselid, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Macduffie, 1995</xref>) in high-commitment HR systems (Allen, Ericksen and Collins, 2006; Huselid, 1995; Macduffie, 1995). (Allen, Ericksen, &amp; Collins, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arthur, 1994</xref>) in high-involvement HR systems- (Allen, Ericksen and Collins, 2013; Arthur, 1994) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Guthrie, 2001</xref>) in high investment HR systems -high investment HR systems- (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Lepak, Taylor, Tekleab, Marrone, and Cohen, 2007</xref>) or in control-oriented HR systems (Arthur, 1994).</p>
			<p>The second approach is the contingent approach, which holds that the set of HR practices should be selected based on an appropriate &quot;fit&quot; with other organizational factors, for example, the company's strategy, which in turn is influenced by the characteristics of the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery and Doty, 1996</xref>). From this perspective, it is understood that for organizations to achieve a good &quot;vertical fit&quot;, HR practices must be aligned with the company's strategy and the characteristics of the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sels et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Finally, the third approach is known as the configurational approach, which states that organizations can have different ideal HR systems. Thus, if an organization's HR practices are closely aligned with an ideal type and, in addition, are consistent with the organization's competitive strategy, then they would achieve superior performance. (Gould-Williams, 2003). This approach is consistent with the approach of several authors who distinguish the importance of a differentiated HR architecture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>) where the use of multiple HR systems, not only across different organizations, is recognized (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>, 2002; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al., 1997</xref>) but also within the same organization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker and Huselid, 2006</xref>). In both cases, different configurations of HR practices consider both the contributions that different groups of workers can make to organizational performance (Lepak and Shaw, 2008) and the potential of these HR systems to produce different outcomes (Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009).</p>
			<p>In line with the configurational approach and HR architecture, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>) put forward the view of a contingent configurational approach in the context of strategic HRM. For these authors, there is little likelihood that universal HR systems will be appropriate in all situations. Therefore, they argue that the configuration of HR practices depends more on the specificity of human capital and labor relations, assuming that employees should be supported through a differentiated HR architecture (Lepak and Snell, 1999; 2002). In that sense, it is suggested that different levels of human capital should be managed differently in terms of their employment modes, labor relations and different HR configurations (Luo et al., 2020).</p>
			<p>Following the proposal of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>) the levels of human capital that influence the categorization of HR practices are classified in terms of two dimensions: according to their value (i.e., the potential that workers have to create value and their associated costs) and their uniqueness (i.e., the specificity that workers have for the firm) (Lepak and Snell, 1999; 2002; Luo et al., 2020).</p>
			<p>Because the extent of human capital value and uniqueness can vary, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002) posit at least four alternative HRM configurations that organizations can (or should) implement to manage groups of workers with different levels of human capital. First, for human capital with high value and high uniqueness, i.e., for workers perceived as valuable and unique, organizations should adopt a knowledge-based mode of employment that emphasizes internal development and long-term commitment. Second, for human capital with high value and low uniqueness, organizations should adopt an 'acquisition'-based employment mode (also known as work-based employment mode) with a 'symbiotic' employment relationship and a 'market-based' HR configuration (also referred to as a productivity-based HR configuration). Although the authors recognize that the group of workers in this category can contribute to the success of the firm, their skills are largely transferable. Therefore, these workers are hired to perform predetermined tasks. Third, for human capital with low value and low uniqueness, where workers are not conceived as strategically important or unique, organizations should adopt a 'contractual' mode of employment (also known as contractual labor agreements) with a 'transactional' employment relationship and a 'compliance' HR setup. In this case, jobs in this group are often outsourced. Finally, fourth, for human capital with low value but high uniqueness, i.e., relatively unique workers but with little strategic value to employ internally, organizations should adopt an employment model under alliances or partnerships, with a 'partnership' employment relationship and a 'collaborative' HR configuration.</p>
			<p>The idea that organizations adopt a certain HR configuration has been supported in various studies from different regions, economic sectors, and types of organizations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke, Xiao and Xiao, 2020</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>). For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Lepak et al., (2007</xref>) found that the service companies included in their study implemented more high-investment HR systems for the company's key employees than for support employees. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh, Morgeson and Campion (2008</xref>) found five alternative HR management systems where labor relations are grouped: two extreme systems, one oriented to maximizing commitment and one oriented to minimizing costs, and three intermediate systems (contingent motivators, competitive motivators, and resource creators). Additionally, the idea of a differentiated HR configuration in recent studies when dealing with different categories of employees, e.g., between managerial and non-managerial employees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Gottschalck, Guenther and Kellermanns, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Sarac, Meydan and Efil, 2017</xref>), or between employees who are members of the family that owns the company and employees who are not family members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Jennings, Dempsey, and James, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Finally, two challenges add to the interest in understanding how different groupings of HR practices contribute to company performance. On the one hand, if the same organization has different HR practices and people perceive reality differently, not all employees will likely similarly interpret HR systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao, Toya, Lepak, &amp; Hong, 2009</xref>; Nishii, Lepak, &amp; Schneider, 2009). Therefore, it is required to distinguish the HR system as implemented (i.e., what managers put into practice) and the perceived HR system (i.e., how employees interpret the practices) (Den Hartog, Boon,Verburg, &amp; Croon, 2013). Employees' perception of HR management will mediate the effect of implemented HR practices on organizational performance.</p>
			<p>On the other hand, it is complex to assign a particular performance criterion to define HR management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>). It is practically impossible to configure systems that simultaneously maximize a wide variety of performance objectives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Chadwick, 2010</xref>). For example, certain configurations have been suggested to meet the objectives of employee engagement, skill enhancement, motivation enhancement, and cost minimization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arthur, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. 1997</xref>). Thus, HR configurations seek to increase commitment to group practices such as recruitment, socialization, and training (Tsui et al., 1997). Similarly, high-performance HR practices have also been effective in increasing employee commitment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Huselid, 1995</xref>). To increase skill levels, selective selection, training, and knowledge- or skill-based incentives become important. Tsui et al. (1997) referred to this configuration as the &quot;overinvestment&quot; or &quot;mutual investment&quot; approach.</p>
			<p>The cost minimization objective, whereby investment-intensive HR practices, such as training, or employee engagement opportunities, are avoided, but performance-based incentives are used effectively, has also been advanced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh et al., 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. (1997</xref>) also identified this approach as an &quot;underinvestment&quot; or &quot;spot contract&quot; approach.</p>
			<p>Therefore, the differences in HR configurations can not only be distinguished by the levels of human capital to be managed, but also by the objectives that each configuration seeks to achieve, which attracts various explanations that may complement or even differ according to the selected theoretical foundations, the levels of analysis used, the measures used in the studies to capture both HR practices and organizational outcomes, and the particularities of the context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller and McEvoy, 2012</xref>; Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009). Special emphasis will be placed on contextual particularities in the following section, taking into account the challenges that the context of companies in the Gig Economy has recently offered to researchers in the field of HRM.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: some approaches from the academic literature</title>
			<p>With the evolution of strategic HR management as a field of knowledge, studies have expanded to understand and evaluate, among other things, how the configuration of different HR policies and practices fit in different contexts as a contingent factor. In this direction, several authors have proposed new approaches to the notion of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy.</p>
			<p>One of the main points that have prompted the development of a review of this topic stems from the fact that Gig Economy jobs fracture the standard employment relationship between employees and employers, which has traditionally been used to define the activities that HR management seeks to maintain and enhance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>). In addition to this, the platforms or applications that companies use in this context to link their workforce operate under algorithms that sometimes replace the activities that are commonly performed by HR management (Duggan et al., 2020; Meijerink and Keegan, 2019).This has led to questioning not only the role of HR management in organizations but also the profession itself (Boocock et al., 2019; Duggan et al., 2020).</p>
			<p>Despite more than l0 years of research that has addressed the Gig Economy, few publications focus on the topic of HR management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>).<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents some approaches identified in the academic literature:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Approaches to HR management in the context of the Gig Economy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2539-0279-entra-19-02-e16-gt1.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Source: Own elaboration.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>According to the approaches to the notion of HR management presented in the table above, this function is in the context of the Gig Economy, albeit under the paradox of avoiding establishing an employment relationship with workers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock and Graham, 2020</xref>). For some authors, one of the main activities installed in intermediary platforms is that of workforce planning to match supply with demand for services or tasks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; Meijerink and Keegan, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder, Bricka and Whitaker, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte, Schlicher, and Maier, 2020</xref>) which is mainly developed thanks to the management of algorithms (Connelly et al., 2021; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Hyers and Kovacova, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan (2019</xref>), HRM in the Gig Economy can be defined from an ecosystemic perspective to understand how on-demand or sporadic work is controlled through HRM activities designed and implemented on intermediary platforms. Among the HR management activities that are installed in intermediary platforms is workforce planning, which enables the matching of users who demand services and tasks with those who provide them. Likewise, these authors identify other activities such as the design of jobs, which gives workers the autonomy to work when they wish; performance management, which is evaluated using the same platforms, and which in turn makes it possible to control the worker as well as to compensate him and grant benefits to remunerate his efforts.</p>
			<p>Like <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan (2019</xref>), other authors have explored HR management activities in the Gig Economy, concurring with the recognition of the mediating role of algorithm management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Hyers and Kovacova, 2018</xref>).The following table presents the HR management activities in the Gig Economy identified in the academic literature:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>HR activities associated with the context of the Gig Economy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2539-0279-entra-19-02-e16-gt2.gif"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Source: own elaboration.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>According to the information presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> it is possible to group HR activities into five categories:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Position design and workforce planning: the objective of this activity is to guarantee a supply of workers that meet the requirements of the services and tasks demanded by the customers of the applications. To this end, the algorithms with which the applications are designed allow the geographic and virtual location of users and workers to match them. This means that this function seeks to avoid an imbalance in the market in terms of supply and demand and to guarantee multilateral value for the actors involved in the transaction: the application company, the users (customers), and the workers.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Recruitment and selection: to ensure a balance between supply and demand, the recruitment process is aimed at both workers and users. To this end, the companies that own the applications carry out advertising campaigns in which they offer opportunities to generate income through flexible and easily accessible jobs while encouraging users to use their services. Through the applications, interested users apply for admission and their requirements are automatically verified by algorithms that define their admission. This process blurs some of the traditional stages and techniques used for selection processes, as the selection process is reduced to the verification of information and acceptance to provide services and fulfill tasks, which in some cases are not complex to perform.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Performance management: this process is mainly mediated and controlled by the platforms' algorithms and user ratings. Likewise, ratings can be accompanied by comments and references that could help improve the worker's reputation or, on the contrary, affect the demand for their services and tasks. This information is also managed by the algorithm that in case of bad ratings can block, punish, or expel a worker from the platform. Conversely, good ratings can be managed in favor of compensation and benefits, or increased assignment of tasks.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Compensation and benefits: In the Gig Economy, the economic income depends exclusively on the services rendered or tasks performed. The variation in income depends on the time spent working, the economic incentives defined by the application and the speed at which the services are provided. This income is not regulated in most cases by labor laws, as there is no formal and legal link between the workers and the intermediary platform company. Some intermediary platforms offer benefits to workers based on the fulfillment of goals or performance in established periods, which may be financial coupons or discounts. The algorithms of intermediary platforms are increasingly seeking to improve psychological tactics to encourage the behavior of workers to the image of the company owning the platform that they provide to users.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Training and development: this activity is aimed at improving the qualifications obtained by workers through the platforms and income. Many of the training and development programs promoted in the Gig Economy are short before starting work since the tasks performed are not considered to be complex. In addition to this, training is oriented to the handling of intermediary platforms and to the fulfillment of times that are managed and controlled by algorithms. In this context, time is a fundamental resource, since it is a function of the income that workers can generate and the satisfaction of users.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>4. Towards a Human Resources management configuration in the context of the Gig Economy</title>
			<p>While the strategic role of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy has been questioned due to the ambiguity involved in creating a competitive advantage from workforce management in a context where there are no labor relations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Allen and Wright, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Boxall et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>, 2002), it is possible to argue for the existence of a new HR configuration in this context that seeks the management and organization of work outside standard labor relations.</p>
			<p>The HR architecture model proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002) has become the conceptual model par excellence among contingent configuration approaches in strategic HRM, notably influencing research since its formulation (Luo et al., 2020). Even though the model has been widely cited by subsequent research in the last twenty years and most of the main ideas of the model have been theoretically developed, empirically verified, and/or criticized and extended (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke et al., 2020</xref>; Luo et al., 2020), the original model has not yet been discussed for understanding HRM in the context of the Gig Economy.</p>
			<p>In terms of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002) not all employees possess knowledge and skills that are equally valuable to a particular organization. Therefore, HR management, modes of employment and employment relationships should be responsive to different levels of human capital. Under this model, a traditional employment relationship is considered, contrary to the one established in the context of the Gig Economy, where a relationship outside employment is ultimately sought, i.e., a workforce to fulfill specific tasks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Davis and Sinha, 2021</xref>).That is why most of the workforce in this economy does not apply to the notions of employment relationships established by the authors. However, it is possible to explain an exclusive configuration based on the non-standard work relationship identified in the literature and, with this, to make a logical assumption of the HR configuration under the foundations of the model.</p>
			<p>According to the literature on HR management in the context of the Gig Economy, non-standard working relationships between firms and gig workers forge a transactional and symbiotic relationship based on the utilitarian premise of mutual benefit (in terms of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>; 2002), where the workforce is solely and exclusively engaged in a requested task (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>). Both relationships are even manifested by Lepak and Snell (1999) as very similar labor relationships.</p>
			<p>In essence, a transactional relationship between worker and organization focuses on the task to be performed, the outcomes to be achieved, and the terms of the agreement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell 1999</xref>). In the context of the Gig Economy, intermediary platforms are responsible for the planning and control of the workforce to match supply with demand for services or timely tasks required (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>). A symbiotic relationship, on the other hand, is based on the notion that both the worker and the organization are likely to continue the relationship as long as both continue to benefit (Lepak and Snell, 1999). This type of relationship assumes that the worker is perhaps less committed to the organization and more career-focused, which makes sense considering that in the context of the Gig Economy, the worker can participate whenever they wish, with the encouragement to meet their needs by accepting sporadic tasks across multiple platforms (Connelly et al., 2020; Meijerink and Keegan, 2019).</p>
			<p>Although the transactional and symbiotic relationships are similar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>), their differences essentially boil down to the extent of participation and the expectations underlying the exchanges. With the symbiotic relationship, organizations attempt to seek continuity and loyalty, albeit in a limited way. In contrast, with the transactional relationship, firms probably do not expect (and do not obtain) organizational commitment; the relationships simply focus on the economic nature of the &quot;contract.&quot; In the context of the Gig Economy, these differences virtually disappear given the sheer complexity of securing a gig worker's commitment to the exclusive use of a single intermediary platform to perform his or her job.</p>
			<p>Therefore, this transactional and symbiotic approach would contemplate the assumption that in the context of the Gig Economy the workforce, in terms of human capital, would be perceived with less levels of uniqueness, but a continuous level of plus-minus value, i.e. workers whose skills are largely transferable through automated algorithms, but who can contribute -or not- to the success of the company. Thus, gig workers, who perform sporadic and short-term tasks predetermined and organized by intermediary platforms to match supply and demand for services or tasks (Conelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>), can contribute to the success of the firm owning the intermediary platform.</p>
			<p>As transactional and symbiotic relationships are similar, so are their respective HR configurations. Following the model of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002), for the Gig Economy context, a market-oriented (or productivity-maximizing) and compliance-oriented (in terms of Lepak and Snell, 1999; 2002) HR configuration would predominate. A market-oriented configuration emphasizes the recruitment and selection of people who already possess the necessary skills to fulfill certain functions or tasks. In addition, individuals may have discretion and decision-making power. Once hired, they are likely to be allowed a greater degree of empowerment to carry out their tasks. This is why academic literature on the Gig Economy highlights HR practices such as position design workforce planning, and recruitment and selection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng and Joshi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fieseler et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>; Mojeed-Sanni and Ajonbadi, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte et al., 2020</xref>), while little is discussed on training and development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kost et al., 2019</xref>; Meijerink and Keegan, 2019).</p>
			<p>In the compliance-based setup, companies are likely to focus on enforcing rules and regulations, maintaining specific provisions regarding work protocols, and ensuring compliance with preset standards, which is possible with workforce planning and task assignment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng and Joshi, 2016</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fieseler et al., 2019</xref>). In addition, performance evaluation and rewards will be work-based, focusing on prescribed procedures or specific outcomes, or both; as is the case with ratings and referrals managed by platform algorithms, which while impacting pre-averages and benefits, could also involve punishments or expulsion from the workforce (Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Guda and Subramanian, 2019</xref>; Malos et al., 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>For both configurations, training and development are virtually zero given that these workers possess skills that are not unique to a particular firm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kost et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>), so firms may not get a return on any investment in training if workers have an easy time leaving (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell, 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>In terms of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh et al. (2008</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. (1997</xref>), the above configuration is consistent with the objective of cost minimization, whereby investment-intensive HR practices such as training, or employee engagement opportunities are avoided, but performance-based incentives are used effectively (Toh et al., 2008). The above agrees in turn, with students in the academic literature evidencing performance management, and compensation and benefits as main HR practices in the Gig Economy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng and Joshi, 2016</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Jabagi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Malos et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>The above shows how an exclusive HR configuration predominates for companies belonging to the Gig Economy context, which is not detached from the strategic approach coined in the literature, especially if we consider that the workforce in this context, and terms of human capital, is conceived a priori with less levels of uniqueness, but with a continuous level of plus-minus value.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>5. Conclusions</title>
			<p>Taking stock of the knowledge presented, this article has offered a look at the role and configuration of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy. The literature on strategic HR management recognizes the importance of studying how HR practices are configured or grouped to contribute to the performance of companies. As presented in previous sections, this configuration can be explained under the human capital approach as suggested by the HR architecture model proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002). However, the adoption of a given configuration should not only be based on the strategic value of the workforce within an organization but also the situation established by the context. In this sense, it is imperative to situate the HR configuration according to the particularities of the context in which the companies are immersed. Hence, the discussion will be developed from a contingent approach to argue how HR management is configured in the context of the Gig Economy.</p>
			<p>Although the discussion initially agrees with the position of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002) who emphasized the importance of differentiated HR management for employees with different levels of human capital to make optimal contributions to the company, the context of the Gig Economy poses a unique configuration in organizations where traditional employment modalities and work configurations based on collaboration and long-term commitment are blurred. In this sense, the first starting point for HR management in the Gig Economy is to manage the workforce without incurring the establishment of a standard employment relationship and to prioritize practices aimed at having a workforce with the necessary skills to fulfill the tasks, to connect the demand for tasks with the supply of jobs, to reduce costs, and to ensure the control and fulfillment of the work.</p>
			<p>That is why the academic literature has recorded position design and workforce planning, recruitment and selection, performance management, compensation and benefits, and sparsely, training and development as the main HR practices of the Gig Economy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink and Keegan, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>As a consequence, and in response to the question of whether in the Gig Economy, there is a new configuration of HR management, it is possible to argue the existence of a predominance of a market-oriented and compliance-oriented configuration, following the proposal of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak and Snell (1999</xref>; 2002). This is explained by the fact that the aim is to have a workforce with the necessary skills to meet the demand in terms of tasks, and because the mechanisms orchestrated by the algorithms of the platforms establish the conditions for tasks to be fulfilled according to established protocols and standards, and thus compensation and performance can be managed.</p>
			<p>While the original HR architecture model is influential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke et al., 2020</xref>; Luo et al., 2020), its assumptions prove partial in explaining this reality, so this discussion has revealed gaps and challenges for future research. Several directions for future research are described below. First, it is imperative that future studies empirically validate whether the marketand compliance-oriented HR configurational model, as opposed to other types of configurations, excels in the context of the Gig Economy. If the HR literature recognizes the use of multiple HR practice systems, not only across different organizations but also within the same organization, will there be different practice groupings within different companies operating in the gig economy or will the same practices continue to predominate under the market and compliance model? Does this type of practice configuration that suppresses long-term commitment generate more value for the Gig Economy company? To this end, it is very important to consider appropriate methodological approaches that incorporate valid and reliable measures of the HR practices that constitute the different configurations manifested in the model for comparison.</p>
			<p>Second, and in line with the recognition of multiple systems of HR practices within a single organization, will a company operating in the Gig Economy, which &quot;employs&quot; thousands of workers, recognize any differences among workers and implement different HR practices? This question follows the idea that HR practices for the entire workforce would not be appropriate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lepak and Snell, 2002</xref>), hence the use of HR practices may vary concerning the job (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al., 1997</xref>). However, empirical research in this direction in the context of the Gig Economy is still limited.</p>
			<p>Third, considering the possibility that HR practices are implemented differently for the Gig Economy workforce, gig workers might perceive or experience differences in the labor practices they are exposed to, even when they have similar skills and work under the same platform; a similar idea for people in companies in other sectors working in the same position (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao et al., 2009</xref>). So how do workers in the Gig Economy perceive or experience these types of practices? Are there differences between what the companies that own the platforms say they apply and the perception of gig workers? To date, very little is known about how gig workers perceive and respond to the configuration of HR practices.</p>
			<p>Fourth, if there were differences between gig workers' perceptions of the HR practices they receive, how does this perception influence their attitudes and behaviors? This question is consistent with the need to take individual attributes into account when considering internal fit in HR practice systems. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Nishii et al. (2008</xref>) demonstrate in their study, people may have different perceptions and interpretations of the same HR practices, which in turn may influence people's attitudes and behaviors. This result highlights the potential value of focusing on individual employee differences in the impact of HR systems on performance. Furthermore, as people differences have a direct influence on people's perceptions and attitudes in the workplace (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao et al., 2009</xref>), future studies on gig workers could consider a variety of demographic or functional differences (e.g., age, gender, education level, and seniority using the intermediary platform) as other characteristics that are not visible, and underlying, such as personality or values (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Finally, in line with existing research in the HR field that has examined the influence of external factors and organizational characteristics on the design of HR systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>), future research in the Gig Economy framework could further explore how contextual factors (e.g., organizational size, industry in which the firm operates, organizational philosophy/ culture, home countries, etc.) may impact the configuration in HRM noted in this article and, as a consequence, workforce and firm performance. For example, are market-driven and compliance-oriented HR practices equally effective across companies that use technology platforms to mediate the employment relationship, and is the outcome the same for similar companies in different countries, and is the outcome strengthened by comparing the use of these practices to companies in other industries that do not use labor brokering platforms? What is the prevailing philosophy/culture in Gig Economy companies that facilitates a configuration of practices distant from long-term engagement? Ultimately, more research is needed to explore in greater detail how context influences the internal alignment mechanisms of HR systems in the context of the Gig Economy.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. AREOSA, João. O meu chefe é um algoritmo: reflexões preliminares sobre a uberização do trabalho. En: Segurança Comportamental. Abril 2021. vol 51, no.14. pp. 51-56. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.segurancacomportamental.com/revistas/item/839-o-meu-chefe-e-um-algoritmo-reflexoes-preliminares-sobrea-uberizacao-do-trabalho">https://www.segurancacomportamental.com/revistas/item/839-o-meu-chefe-e-um-algoritmo-reflexoes-preliminares-sobrea-uberizacao-do-trabalho</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>AREOSA</surname>
							<given-names>João</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>O meu chefe é um algoritmo: reflexões preliminares sobre a uberização do trabalho</article-title>
					<source>Segurança Comportamental</source>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>51</fpage>
					<lpage>56</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.segurancacomportamental.com/revistas/item/839-o-meu-chefe-e-um-algoritmo-reflexoes-preliminares-sobrea-uberizacao-do-trabalho">https://www.segurancacomportamental.com/revistas/item/839-o-meu-chefe-e-um-algoritmo-reflexoes-preliminares-sobrea-uberizacao-do-trabalho</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. ALLEN, Mathew R; ERICKSEN, Jeff; COLLINS, Christopher. Human resource management, employee exchange relationships, and performance in small businesses. In: Human Resource Management. 25 marzo de 2013. vol. 52, no.2. pp. 153-173. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21523">https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21523</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ALLEN</surname>
							<given-names>Mathew R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ERICKSEN</surname>
							<given-names>Jeff</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>COLLINS</surname>
							<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Human resource management, employee exchange relationships, and performance in small businesses</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>153</fpage>
					<lpage>173</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21523">https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21523</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. ALLEN, Mathew; WRIGHT, Patrick. Strategic Management and HRM. In: BOXALL Peter; PURCELL John; WRIGHT Patrick (Eds.). In: The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management. Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. 88-107. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813/77282">https://hdl.handle.net/1813/77282</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ALLEN</surname>
							<given-names>Mathew</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WRIGHT</surname>
							<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>Strategic Management and HRM</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BOXALL</surname>
							<given-names>Peter</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PURCELL</surname>
							<given-names>John</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WRIGHT</surname>
							<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management</source>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
					<year>2007</year>
					<fpage>88</fpage>
					<lpage>107</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813/77282">https://hdl.handle.net/1813/77282</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. ALOISI, Antonio. Commoditized Workers. Case Study Research on Labour Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms. In: Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal. 1 mayo de 2016. vol. 37, no. 3. pp. 653-690. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2637485">https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2637485</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ALOISI</surname>
							<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Commoditized Workers. Case Study Research on Labour Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms</article-title>
					<source>Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>653</fpage>
					<lpage>690</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2637485">https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2637485</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. ANTUNES, Ricardo. ¿Adiós al trabajo? Ensayo sobre las metamorfosis y la centralidad del mundo del trabajo. Cortez Editora. 2001.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ANTUNES</surname>
							<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>¿Adiós al trabajo? Ensayo sobre las metamorfosis y la centralidad del mundo del trabajo</source>
					<publisher-name>Cortez Editora</publisher-name>
					<year>2001</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. ARTHUR, Jeffrey B. Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover. In: Academy of Management Journal. 1994. vol. 37, no. 3. pp. 670-687. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/256705">https://doi.org/10.2307/256705</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ARTHUR</surname>
							<given-names>Jeffrey B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover</article-title>
					<source>Academy of Management Journal</source>
					<year>1994</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>670</fpage>
					<lpage>687</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/256705">https://doi.org/10.2307/256705</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. ASHFORD, Susan J; CAZA, Brianna Barker; REID, Erin M. From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work. In: Research in Organizational Behavior. 2018. vol. 38, pp. 23-41. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.001">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.001</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ASHFORD</surname>
							<given-names>Susan J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CAZA</surname>
							<given-names>Brianna Barker</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>REID</surname>
							<given-names>Erin M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work</article-title>
					<source>Research in Organizational Behavior</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<fpage>23</fpage>
					<lpage>41</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.001">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.001</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. BECKER, Brian E; HUSELID, Mark A. Strategic human resources management: where do we go from here?. In: Journal of Management. 2006. vol. 32, no. 6. pp. 898-925. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306293668">https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306293668</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BECKER</surname>
							<given-names>Brian E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HUSELID</surname>
							<given-names>Mark A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Strategic human resources management: where do we go from here?</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Management</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>898</fpage>
					<lpage>925</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306293668">https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306293668</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. BERG, Janine; FURRER, Marianne; HARMON, Ellie; RANI, Uma; SILBERMAN, M. Six. Digital labour platforms and the future of work: Towards decent work in the online world. 2018. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf">https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BERG</surname>
							<given-names>Janine</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FURRER</surname>
							<given-names>Marianne</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HARMON</surname>
							<given-names>Ellie</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RANI</surname>
							<given-names>Uma</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SILBERMAN</surname>
							<given-names>M. Six</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Digital labour platforms and the future of work: Towards decent work in the online world</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf">https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. BOOCOCK, Andrew; PAGE-TICKELL, Rebecca; YERBY, Elaine. The Dis-evolution of Strategic HRM in the Gig Economy from Talent Management to Supply Chain Manager. En: PAGE-TICKELL, Rebecca; YERBY, Elaine (Eds.), Conflict and Shifting Boundaries in the Gig Economy: An Interdisciplinary Analysis. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 2020. pp. 89-106 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf">http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BOOCOCK</surname>
							<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PAGE-TICKELL</surname>
							<given-names>Rebecca</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>YERBY</surname>
							<given-names>Elaine</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>The Dis-evolution of Strategic HRM in the Gig Economy from Talent Management to Supply Chain Manager</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PAGE-TICKELL</surname>
							<given-names>Rebecca</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>YERBY</surname>
							<given-names>Elaine</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Conflict and Shifting Boundaries in the Gig Economy: An Interdisciplinary Analysis</source>
					<publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name>
					<year>2020</year>
					<fpage>89</fpage>
					<lpage>106</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf">http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. BOXALL, Peter; PURCELL, John; WRIGHT, Patrick. Human Resource Management: Scope, Analysis, and Significance. In: The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management. 2007. Oxford University Press. pp. 1-18. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34542/chapter-abstract/293001138?redirectedFrom=fulltext">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34542/chapter-abstract/293001138?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BOXALL</surname>
							<given-names>Peter</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PURCELL</surname>
							<given-names>John</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WRIGHT</surname>
							<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>Human Resource Management: Scope, Analysis, and Significance</chapter-title>
					<source>The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>18</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34542/chapter-abstract/293001138?redirectedFrom=fulltext">https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34542/chapter-abstract/293001138?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. BULLER, Paul F; MCEVOY, Glenn M. Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2012. vol. 22, no. 1. pp. 43-56. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BULLER</surname>
							<given-names>Paul F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MCEVOY</surname>
							<given-names>Glenn M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>43</fpage>
					<lpage>56</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.002</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. CASCIO, Wayne. Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits. 10. ed. Irwin/McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. 703 p.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CASCIO</surname>
							<given-names>Wayne</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits</source>
					<edition>10</edition>
					<publisher-name>Irwin/McGraw-Hill Higher Education</publisher-name>
					<year>2015</year>
					<fpage>703</fpage>
					<lpage>703</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. CEPAL; OIT. Trabajo decente para los trabajadores de plataformas en América Latina. En: Coyuntura Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe. 2021. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46955-coyuntura-laboral-america-latina-caribe-trabajo-decente-trabajadores-plataformas">https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46955-coyuntura-laboral-america-latina-caribe-trabajo-decente-trabajadores-plataformas</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>CEPAL</collab>
						<collab>OIT</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Trabajo decente para los trabajadores de plataformas en América Latina</article-title>
					<source>Coyuntura Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46955-coyuntura-laboral-america-latina-caribe-trabajo-decente-trabajadores-plataformas">https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46955-coyuntura-laboral-america-latina-caribe-trabajo-decente-trabajadores-plataformas</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. CHADWICK, Clint. Theoretic insights on the nature of performance synergies in human resource systems: Toward greater precision. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2010. vol. 20, no. 2. pp. 85-101. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.06.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.06.001</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHADWICK</surname>
							<given-names>Clint</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Theoretic insights on the nature of performance synergies in human resource systems: Toward greater precision</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>85</fpage>
					<lpage>101</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.06.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.06.001</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. CHANG, Po-Chein; CHEN, Shyh-Jer. Crossing the level of employee’s performance: HPWS, affective commitment, human capital, and employee job performance in professional service organizations. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2011. vol. 22, no. 4. pp. 883-901. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHANG</surname>
							<given-names>Po-Chein</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHEN</surname>
							<given-names>Shyh-Jer</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Crossing the level of employee’s performance: HPWS, affective commitment, human capital, and employee job performance in professional service organizations</article-title>
					<source>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>883</fpage>
					<lpage>901</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. CONNELLY, Catherine; FIESELER, Christian; ČERNE, Matej; GIESSNER, Steffen; WONG, Sut I.Working in the digitized economy: HRM theory &amp; practice. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2021. vol. 31, no. 1. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100762">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100762</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CONNELLY</surname>
							<given-names>Catherine</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FIESELER</surname>
							<given-names>Christian</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ČERNE</surname>
							<given-names>Matej</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GIESSNER</surname>
							<given-names>Steffen</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WONG</surname>
							<given-names>Sut I</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Working in the digitized economy: HRM theory &amp; practice</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100762">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100762</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. COOKE, Fang Lee; XIAO, Qijie; XIAO, Mengtian. Extending the frontier of research on (strategic) human resource management in China: A review of David Lepak and colleagues’ influence and future research direction. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2020. vol. 32, no. 1. pp. 183-224. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1803949">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1803949</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>COOKE</surname>
							<given-names>Fang Lee</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>XIAO</surname>
							<given-names>Qijie</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>XIAO</surname>
							<given-names>Mengtian</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Extending the frontier of research on (strategic) human resource management in China: A review of David Lepak and colleagues’ influence and future research direction</article-title>
					<source>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>183</fpage>
					<lpage>224</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1803949">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1803949</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. CORNELISSEN, Joep; CHOLAKOVA, Magdalena. Profits Uber everything? The gig economy and the morality of category work. In: Strategic Organization. 2019. vol. 19, no. 4. pp.722-731. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019894506">https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019894506</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CORNELISSEN</surname>
							<given-names>Joep</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CHOLAKOVA</surname>
							<given-names>Magdalena</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Profits Uber everything? The gig economy and the morality of category work</article-title>
					<source>Strategic Organization</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>722</fpage>
					<lpage>731</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019894506">https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019894506</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. DAVIS, Gerald F; SINHA, Aseem. Varieties of Uberization: How technology and institutions change the organization(s) of late capitalism. In: Organization Theory. 2021.vol. 2, no. 1. pp 263178772199519. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787721995198">https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787721995198</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DAVIS</surname>
							<given-names>Gerald F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SINHA</surname>
							<given-names>Aseem</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Varieties of Uberization: How technology and institutions change the organization(s) of late capitalism</article-title>
					<source>Organization Theory</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>263178772199519</fpage>
					<lpage>263178772199519</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787721995198">https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787721995198</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. DE LA GARZA TOLEDO, Enrique. La flexibilidad del trabajo en América Latina. En: DE LA GARZA TOLEDO Enrique. Tratado latinoamericano de sociología del trabajo. Mexico: FLACSO México, 2000. pp. 148-178. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-39252000000100002">https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-39252000000100002</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DE LA GARZA TOLEDO</surname>
							<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>La flexibilidad del trabajo en América Latina</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DE LA GARZA TOLEDO</surname>
							<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Tratado latinoamericano de sociología del trabajo</source>
					<publisher-loc>Mexico</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>FLACSO México</publisher-name>
					<year>2000</year>
					<fpage>148</fpage>
					<lpage>178</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-39252000000100002">https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-39252000000100002</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. DE LA GARZA TOLEDO, Enrique . Hacia un concepto ampliado de trabajo. En: Trabajo, empleo, calificaciones profesionales, relaciones de trabajo e identidades laborales. Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, 2009. vol.1. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/393/39348723003.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/393/39348723003.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<name>
						<surname>DE LA GARZA TOLEDO</surname>
						<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<chapter-title>Hacia un concepto ampliado de trabajo</chapter-title>
					<source>Trabajo, empleo, calificaciones profesionales, relaciones de trabajo e identidades laborales</source>
					<publisher-name>Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales</publisher-name>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/393/39348723003.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/393/39348723003.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. DE STEFANO, Valerio.The rise of the “Just-in-Time workforce”: on-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the “Gig-Economy.” In: Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal. 2016. vol. 37, no.3. pp. 461-471.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DE STEFANO</surname>
							<given-names>Valerio</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The rise of the “Just-in-Time workforce”: on-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the “Gig-Economy.”</article-title>
					<source>Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>461</fpage>
					<lpage>471</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. DELERY, John E; DOTY, Harold. Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. In: The Academy of Management Journal. 1996. vol. 39, no. 4. pp. 802-835. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/256713">https://doi.org/10.2307/256713</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DELERY</surname>
							<given-names>John E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DOTY</surname>
							<given-names>Harold</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions</article-title>
					<source>The Academy of Management Journal</source>
					<year>1996</year>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>802</fpage>
					<lpage>835</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/256713">https://doi.org/10.2307/256713</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. DELOITTE. Access to the right talent at the right time How the alternative workforce can disrupt traditional global business services (GBS) and shared services delivery models. 2020. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/operations/articles/future-of-gig-economy-shared-services-deliverymodel.html">https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/operations/articles/future-of-gig-economy-shared-services-deliverymodel.html</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>DELOITTE</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Access to the right talent at the right time How the alternative workforce can disrupt traditional global business services (GBS) and shared services delivery models</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/operations/articles/future-of-gig-economy-shared-services-deliverymodel.html">https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/operations/articles/future-of-gig-economy-shared-services-deliverymodel.html</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. DEN HARTOG, Deanne N; BOON, Corine; VERBURG, Robert M.; CROON, Marcel A. HRM, Communication, Satisfaction, and Perceived Performance: A Cross-Level Test. In: Journal of Management. 2013. vol. 39, no. 6. pp. 1637-1665. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312440118">https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312440118</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DEN HARTOG</surname>
							<given-names>Deanne N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BOON</surname>
							<given-names>Corine</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>VERBURG</surname>
							<given-names>Robert M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CROON</surname>
							<given-names>Marcel A. HRM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Communication, Satisfaction, and Perceived Performance: A Cross-Level Test</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Management</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1637</fpage>
					<lpage>1665</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312440118">https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312440118</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation>27. DENG, Xuefei Nancy; JOSHI, Kshiti D. Why individuals participate in micro-task crowdsourcing work environment: Revealing crowdworkers’ perceptions. In: Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2016. vol. 17, no. 10. pp. 648-673. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00441">https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00441</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DENG</surname>
							<given-names>Xuefei Nancy</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JOSHI</surname>
							<given-names>Kshiti D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Why individuals participate in micro-task crowdsourcing work environment: Revealing crowdworkers’ perceptions</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the Association for Information Systems</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>648</fpage>
					<lpage>673</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00441">https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00441</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation>28. DIGITAL FUTURE SOCIETY. The future of work in the digital era: The rise of labour platforms About Digital Future Society. 2019. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https:// digitalfuturesociety.com/es/report/el-futuro-del-trabajo-en-la-era-digital-el-auge-de-las-plataformas-laborales/">https:// digitalfuturesociety.com/es/report/el-futuro-del-trabajo-en-la-era-digital-el-auge-de-las-plataformas-laborales/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>DIGITAL FUTURE SOCIETY</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>The future of work in the digital era: The rise of labour platforms About Digital Future Society</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https:// digitalfuturesociety.com/es/report/el-futuro-del-trabajo-en-la-era-digital-el-auge-de-las-plataformas-laborales/">https:// digitalfuturesociety.com/es/report/el-futuro-del-trabajo-en-la-era-digital-el-auge-de-las-plataformas-laborales/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation>29. DUGGAN, James; SHERMAN, Ultan; CARBERY, Ronan; MCDONNELL, Anthony. Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. In: Human Resource Management Journal. 2019. vol. 30, no. 1. pp. 114-132. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DUGGAN</surname>
							<given-names>James</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SHERMAN</surname>
							<given-names>Ultan</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CARBERY</surname>
							<given-names>Ronan</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MCDONNELL</surname>
							<given-names>Anthony</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Journal</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>114</fpage>
					<lpage>132</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation>30. FIESELER, Christian; BUCHER, Eliane; HOFFMANN, Christian Pieter. Unfairness by Design? The Perceived Fairness of Digital Labor on Crowdworking Platforms. In: Journal of Business Ethics. 2019. vol. 156, no. 4.pp. 987-1005. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3607-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3607-2</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FIESELER</surname>
							<given-names>Christian</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BUCHER</surname>
							<given-names>Eliane</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HOFFMANN</surname>
							<given-names>Christian Pieter</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Unfairness by Design? The Perceived Fairness of Digital Labor on Crowdworking Platforms</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Business Ethics</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>156</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>987</fpage>
					<lpage>1005</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3607-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3607-2</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<label>31</label>
				<mixed-citation>31. GARCÍA, Mónica. Los macro-procesos: un nuevo enfoque en el estudio de la Gestión Humana. En: Pensamiento &amp; Gestión. 2009. no. 27. pp. 162-200. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pege/n27/n27a06.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pege/n27/n27a06.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GARCÍA</surname>
							<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Los macro-procesos: un nuevo enfoque en el estudio de la Gestión Humana</article-title>
					<source>Pensamiento &amp; Gestión</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<issue>27</issue>
					<fpage>162</fpage>
					<lpage>200</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pege/n27/n27a06.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/pege/n27/n27a06.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<label>32</label>
				<mixed-citation>32. GOTTSCHALCK, Nicole; GUENTHER, Christina; KELLERMANNS, Franz. For whom are family-owned firms good employers? An exploratory study of the turnover intentions of blue-and white-collar workers in family-owned and non-family-owned firms. In: Journal of Family Business Strategy. 2020. vol.11, no. 3.pp. 100281. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2019.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2019.02.004</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GOTTSCHALCK</surname>
							<given-names>Nicole</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GUENTHER</surname>
							<given-names>Christina</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KELLERMANNS</surname>
							<given-names>Franz</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>For whom are family-owned firms good employers? An exploratory study of the turnover intentions of blue-and white-collar workers in family-owned and non-family-owned firms.</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Family Business Strategy</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>100281</fpage>
					<lpage>100281</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2019.02.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2019.02.004</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<label>33</label>
				<mixed-citation>33. GOULD-WILLIAMS, Julian. The importance of HR practices and workplace trust in achieving superior performance: a study of public-sector organizations. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2003. vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 28-54. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210158501">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210158501</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GOULD-WILLIAMS</surname>
							<given-names>Julian</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The importance of HR practices and workplace trust in achieving superior performance: a study of public-sector organizations</article-title>
					<source>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2003</year>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>28</fpage>
					<lpage>54</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210158501">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210158501</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<label>34</label>
				<mixed-citation>34. GUDA, Harish; SUBRAMANIAN, Upender. Your Uber Is Arriving: Managing On-Demand Workers Through Surge Pricing, Forecast Communication, and Worker Incentives. In: Management Science. 2019. vol. 65, no. 5. pp. 1949-2443. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3050">https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3050</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GUDA</surname>
							<given-names>Harish</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SUBRAMANIAN</surname>
							<given-names>Upender</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Your Uber Is Arriving: Managing On-Demand Workers Through Surge Pricing, Forecast Communication, and Worker Incentives</article-title>
					<source>Management Science</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>65</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1949</fpage>
					<lpage>2443</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3050">https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3050</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<label>35</label>
				<mixed-citation>35. GUTHRIE, James P. High-Involvement Work Practices, Turnover, and Productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. In: Academy of Management Journal. 2001.vol. 44, no. 1. pp. 180-190. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069345">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069345</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GUTHRIE</surname>
							<given-names>James P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>High-Involvement Work Practices, Turnover, and Productivity: Evidence from New Zealand</article-title>
					<source>Academy of Management Journal</source>
					<year>2001</year>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>180</fpage>
					<lpage>190</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069345">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069345</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<label>36</label>
				<mixed-citation>36. HAUFF Sven; ALEWELL Dorothea; HANSEN Nina Katrin. HRM systems between control and commitment: occurrence, characteristics and effects on HRM outcomes and firm performance. In: Human Resource Management Journal. 2014.vol. 24, no. 4. pp. 424-441. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12054">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12054</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HAUFF</surname>
							<given-names>Sven</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ALEWELL</surname>
							<given-names>Dorothea</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HANSEN Nina</surname>
							<given-names>Katrin</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>HRM systems between control and commitment: occurrence, characteristics and effects on HRM outcomes and firm performance</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Journal</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>424</fpage>
					<lpage>441</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12054">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12054</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<label>37</label>
				<mixed-citation>37. HUSELID, Mark. A. The Impact Of Human Resource Management Practices On Turnover, Productivity, And Corporate Financial Performance. In: Academy of Management Journal. 1995. vol. 38, no. 3. pp. 635-672. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.markhuselid.com/pdfs/articles/1995_AMJ_HPWS_Paper.pdf">https://www.markhuselid.com/pdfs/articles/1995_AMJ_HPWS_Paper.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HUSELID</surname>
							<given-names>Mark. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Impact Of Human Resource Management Practices On Turnover, Productivity, And Corporate Financial Performance.</article-title>
					<source>Academy of Management Journal</source>
					<year>1995</year>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>635</fpage>
					<lpage>672</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.markhuselid.com/pdfs/articles/1995_AMJ_HPWS_Paper.pdf">https://www.markhuselid.com/pdfs/articles/1995_AMJ_HPWS_Paper.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<label>38</label>
				<mixed-citation>38. HYERS, Douglas; KOVACOVA, Maria. The economics of the Online Gig Economy: Algorithmic hiring practices, digital labor-market intermediation, and rights for platform workers. In: Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management. 2018. vol. 6, no. 1. pp. 160-165. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM6120187">https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM6120187</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HYERS</surname>
							<given-names>Douglas</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KOVACOVA</surname>
							<given-names>Maria</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The economics of the Online Gig Economy: Algorithmic hiring practices, digital labor-market intermediation, and rights for platform workers</article-title>
					<source>Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>160</fpage>
					<lpage>165</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM6120187">https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM6120187</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<label>39</label>
				<mixed-citation>39. JABAGI, Nura; CROTEAU, Anne-Marie; AUDEBRAND, Luc K; MARSAN Josianne. Gig-workers’ motivation: thinking beyond carrots and sticks. In: Journal of Managerial Psychology. 2019. vol. 34, no. 4. pp. 192-213. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255">https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>JABAGI</surname>
							<given-names>Nura</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CROTEAU</surname>
							<given-names>Anne-Marie</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>AUDEBRAND</surname>
							<given-names>Luc K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MARSAN</surname>
							<given-names>Josianne</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Gig-workers’ motivation: thinking beyond carrots and sticks</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Managerial Psychology</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>192</fpage>
					<lpage>213</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255">https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<label>40</label>
				<mixed-citation>40. JACKSON, Susan E.; SCHULER, Randall S; JIANG, Kaifeng. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. In: The Academy of Management Annals. 2014. vol. 8, no. 1. pp. 1-56. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.872335">https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.872335</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>JACKSON</surname>
							<given-names>Susan E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SCHULER</surname>
							<given-names>Randall S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JIANG</surname>
							<given-names>Kaifeng</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management</article-title>
					<source>The Academy of Management Annals</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>56</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.872335">https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.872335</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<label>41</label>
				<mixed-citation>41. JENNINGS, Jennifer E; DEMPSEY, Dianna; JAMES, Albert E. Bifurcated HR practices in family firms: insights from the normative-adaptive approach to stepfamilies. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2018. vol. 28, no. 1. pp. 68-82. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.007</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>JENNINGS</surname>
							<given-names>Jennifer E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DEMPSEY</surname>
							<given-names>Dianna</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>JAMES</surname>
							<given-names>Albert E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Bifurcated HR practices in family firms: insights from the normative-adaptive approach to stepfamilies</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>68</fpage>
					<lpage>82</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.007</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<label>42</label>
				<mixed-citation>42. JIANG, Kaifeng; LEPAK, David P; HAN, Kyongji; HONG, Ying; KIM, Andrea; WINKLER, Anne Laure. Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: relating human resource management to employee performance. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2012. vol. 22, no. 2. pp. 73-85. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>JIANG</surname>
							<given-names>Kaifeng</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HAN</surname>
							<given-names>Kyongji</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HONG</surname>
							<given-names>Ying</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KIM</surname>
							<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WINKLER</surname>
							<given-names>Anne Laure</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: relating human resource management to employee performance</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>73</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.005</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<label>43</label>
				<mixed-citation>43. KEPES, Sven; DELERY, John E. Designing effective HRM systems: The issue of HRM strategy. In: The Human Resources Revolution: Why Putting People First Matters. 2006. pp. 55-76. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235979968_Designing_effective_HRM_systems_The_issue_of_HRM_strategy#fullTextFileContent">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235979968_Designing_effective_HRM_systems_The_issue_of_HRM_strategy#fullTextFileContent</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KEPES</surname>
							<given-names>Sven</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DELERY</surname>
							<given-names>John E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>Designing effective HRM systems: The issue of HRM strategy</chapter-title>
					<source>The Human Resources Revolution: Why Putting People First Matters</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<fpage>55</fpage>
					<lpage>76</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235979968_Designing_effective_HRM_systems_The_issue_of_HRM_strategy#fullTextFileContent">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235979968_Designing_effective_HRM_systems_The_issue_of_HRM_strategy#fullTextFileContent</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<label>44</label>
				<mixed-citation>44. KIRVEN, Alex. Whose Gig Is It Anyway? Technological Change, Workplace Control and Supervision, and Workers’ Rights in the Gig Economy. In: University of Colorado Law Review. 2018. vol 89, no. 1. pp. 249-292. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol89/iss1/6/">https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol89/iss1/6/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KIRVEN</surname>
							<given-names>Alex</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Whose Gig Is It Anyway? Technological Change, Workplace Control and Supervision, and Workers’ Rights in the Gig Economy</article-title>
					<source>University of Colorado Law Review</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>89</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>249</fpage>
					<lpage>292</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol89/iss1/6/">https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol89/iss1/6/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<label>45</label>
				<mixed-citation>45. KOST, Dominique; FIESELER, Christian; WONG Sut I. Boundaryless careers in the gig economy: An oxymoron?. In: Human Resource Management Journal. 2019. vol. 30, no. 1. pp. 100-113. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12265">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12265</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KOST</surname>
							<given-names>Dominique</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FIESELER</surname>
							<given-names>Christian</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WONG Sut</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Boundaryless careers in the gig economy: An oxymoron?</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Journal</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>100</fpage>
					<lpage>113</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12265">https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12265</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<label>46</label>
				<mixed-citation>46. LENGNICK-HALL, Mark L; LENGNICK-HALL, Cynthia A.; ANDRADE Leticia S; DRAKE Brian. Strategic human resource management: the evolution of the field. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2009. vol. 19, no. 2. pp. 64-85. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.01.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.01.002</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LENGNICK-HALL</surname>
							<given-names>Mark L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LENGNICK-HALL</surname>
							<given-names>Cynthia A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>ANDRADE Leticia</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DRAKE</surname>
							<given-names>Brian</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>Strategic human resource management: the evolution of the field</chapter-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>64</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.01.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.01.002</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<label>47</label>
				<mixed-citation>47. LEPAK, David P; SHAW, Jason D. Strategic HRM in North America: looking to the future. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management . 2008. vol. 19, no. 8. pp. 1486-1499. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802200272">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802200272</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SHAW</surname>
							<given-names>Jason D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Strategic HRM in North America: looking to the future</article-title>
					<source>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1486</fpage>
					<lpage>1499</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802200272">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802200272</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B48">
				<label>48</label>
				<mixed-citation>48. LEPAK, David. P; SNELL, Scott A. The Human Resource Architecture: Toward a Theory of Human Capital Allocation and Development. In: Academy of Management. 1999. vol. 24, no. 1. pp. 31-48. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259035">https://www.jstor.org/stable/259035</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David. P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SNELL</surname>
							<given-names>Scott A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The Human Resource Architecture: Toward a Theory of Human Capital Allocation and Development</article-title>
					<source>Academy of Management</source>
					<year>1999</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>31</fpage>
					<lpage>48</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259035">https://www.jstor.org/stable/259035</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B49">
				<label>49</label>
				<mixed-citation>49. LEPAK, David P; SNELL, Scott. A. Examining the human resource architecture: The relationships among human capital, employment, and human resource configurations. In: Journal of Management. 2002. vol. 28, no. 4. pp. 517-543. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00142-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00142-3</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SNELL</surname>
							<given-names>Scott. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Examining the human resource architecture: The relationships among human capital, employment, and human resource configurations.</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Management</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>517</fpage>
					<lpage>543</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00142-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00142-3</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B50">
				<label>50</label>
				<mixed-citation>50. LEPAK, David P.; TAYLOR, Susan; TEKLEAB, Amanuel G; MARRONE Jennifer A; COHEN Debra J. An examination of the use of high-investment human resource systems for core and support employees. In: Human Resource Management. 2007. vol. 46, no. 2. pp. 223-246. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20158">https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20158</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TAYLOR</surname>
							<given-names>Susan</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TEKLEAB</surname>
							<given-names>Amanuel G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MARRONE Jennifer</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>COHEN Debra</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>An examination of the use of high-investment human resource systems for core and support employees</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>223</fpage>
					<lpage>246</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20158">https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20158</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B51">
				<label>51</label>
				<mixed-citation>51. LIAO, Hui; TOYA, Keiko; LEPAK, David P; HONG, Ying. Do they see eye to eye? Management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems and influence processes on service quality. In: Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009. vol. 94, no.2. pp. 371-391. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013504">https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013504</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LIAO</surname>
							<given-names>Hui</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TOYA</surname>
							<given-names>Keiko</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>HONG</surname>
							<given-names>Ying</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Do they see eye to eye? Management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems and influence processes on service quality</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Applied Psychology</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>371</fpage>
					<lpage>391</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013504">https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013504</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B52">
				<label>52</label>
				<mixed-citation>52. LUO, Ben Nanfeng; SUN, Tuwei; LIN, Cai-Hui; LUO, Dongying; QIN, Ge; PAN, Jingzhou. The human resource architecture model: A twenty-year review and future research directions. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management . 2021. vol. 32, no. 2. pp. 241-278. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1787486">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1787486</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LUO</surname>
							<given-names>Ben Nanfeng</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SUN</surname>
							<given-names>Tuwei</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LIN</surname>
							<given-names>Cai-Hui</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LUO</surname>
							<given-names>Dongying</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>QIN</surname>
							<given-names>Ge</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PAN</surname>
							<given-names>Jingzhou</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The human resource architecture model: A twenty-year review and future research directions</article-title>
					<source>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>241</fpage>
					<lpage>278</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1787486">https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1787486</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B53">
				<label>53</label>
				<mixed-citation>53. MACDUFFIE, John Paul. Human Resource Bundles and Manufacturing Performance: Organizational Logic and Flexible Production Systems in the World Auto Industry. In: Industrial &amp; Labor Relations Review. 1995. vol. 48, no. 2. pp. 197-221. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800201">https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800201</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MACDUFFIE</surname>
							<given-names>John Paul</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Human Resource Bundles and Manufacturing Performance: Organizational Logic and Flexible Production Systems in the World Auto Industry</article-title>
					<source>Industrial &amp; Labor Relations Review</source>
					<year>1995</year>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>197</fpage>
					<lpage>221</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800201">https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800201</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B54">
				<label>54</label>
				<mixed-citation>54. MALOS, Stan; LESTER, Gretchen Vogelgesang; VIRICK, Meghna. Uber Drivers and Employment Status in the Gig Economy: Should Corporate Social Responsibility Tip the Scales?. In: Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. 2018. vol. 30, no. 4. pp. 239-251. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9325-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9325-9</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MALOS</surname>
							<given-names>Stan</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LESTER</surname>
							<given-names>Gretchen Vogelgesang</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>VIRICK</surname>
							<given-names>Meghna</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Uber Drivers and Employment Status in the Gig Economy: Should Corporate Social Responsibility Tip the Scales?</article-title>
					<source>Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>239</fpage>
					<lpage>251</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9325-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9325-9</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B55">
				<label>55</label>
				<mixed-citation>55. MÉDA, Dominique. Tres escenarios para el futuro del trabajo. En: Revista Internacional Del Trabajo. 2019. vol. 138, no. 4. pp. 675-702. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12139">https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12139</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MÉDA</surname>
							<given-names>Dominique</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Tres escenarios para el futuro del trabajo</article-title>
					<source>Revista Internacional Del Trabajo</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>138</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>675</fpage>
					<lpage>702</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12139">https://doi.org/10.1111/ilrs.12139</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B56">
				<label>56</label>
				<mixed-citation>56. MEIJERINK, Jeroen; KEEGAN, Anne. Conceptualizing human resource management in the gig economy: Toward a platform ecosystem perspective. In: Journal of Managerial Psychology. 2019. vol. 34, no. 4. pp. 214-232. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277">https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MEIJERINK</surname>
							<given-names>Jeroen</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>KEEGAN</surname>
							<given-names>Anne</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Conceptualizing human resource management in the gig economy: Toward a platform ecosystem perspective</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Managerial Psychology</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>214</fpage>
					<lpage>232</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277">https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B57">
				<label>57</label>
				<mixed-citation>57. MOJEED-SANNI, Bashir Aboaba; AJONBADI, Hakeem Adeniyi. Dynamics of HR practices in disruptive and innovative business models in an emerging economy.In: Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2019. vol. 8, no. 3. pp. 57-70. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2019-0005">https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2019-0005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOJEED-SANNI</surname>
							<given-names>Bashir Aboaba</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>AJONBADI</surname>
							<given-names>Hakeem Adeniyi</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Dynamics of HR practices in disruptive and innovative business models in an emerging economy</article-title>
					<source>Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>57</fpage>
					<lpage>70</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2019-0005">https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2019-0005</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B58">
				<label>58</label>
				<mixed-citation>58. NISHII, Lisa H; LEPAK, David P; SCHNEIDER, Benjamin. Employee attributions of the “why” of HR practices: their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. In: Personnel Psychology. 2008. vol. 61, no. 3. pp. 503-545. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NISHII</surname>
							<given-names>Lisa H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>LEPAK</surname>
							<given-names>David P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SCHNEIDER</surname>
							<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Employee attributions of the “why” of HR practices: their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction</article-title>
					<source>Personnel Psychology</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>61</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>503</fpage>
					<lpage>545</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00121.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B59">
				<label>59</label>
				<mixed-citation>59. SARAÇ, Mehlika; MEYDAN, Bilçin; EFIL, Ismail. Does the relationship between person-organization fit and work attitudes differ for blue-collar and white-collar employees?. In: Management Research Review. 2017. vol. 40, no. 10. pp. 1081-1099. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/MRR-07-2016-0160/full/html">https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/MRR-07-2016-0160/full/html</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SARAÇ</surname>
							<given-names>Mehlika</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MEYDAN</surname>
							<given-names>Bilçin</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>EFIL</surname>
							<given-names>Ismail</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Does the relationship between person-organization fit and work attitudes differ for blue-collar and white-collar employees?</article-title>
					<source>Management Research Review</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1081</fpage>
					<lpage>1099</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/MRR-07-2016-0160/full/html">https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/MRR-07-2016-0160/full/html</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B60">
				<label>60</label>
				<mixed-citation>60. SCHMIDT, Florian. Digital Labour Markets in the Platform Economy. In: Mapping the Political Challenges of Crowd Work and Gig Work. 2017. vol. 7. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf">https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SCHMIDT</surname>
							<given-names>Florian</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Digital Labour Markets in the Platform Economy</article-title>
					<source>Mapping the Political Challenges of Crowd Work and Gig Work</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf">https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/13164.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B61">
				<label>61</label>
				<mixed-citation>61. SCHROEDER, Amber N; BRICKA, Traci M; WHITAKER, Julia H. Work design in a digitized gig economy. In: Human Resource Management Review. 2021. vol. 31, no. 1. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100692">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100692</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SCHROEDER</surname>
							<given-names>Amber N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BRICKA</surname>
							<given-names>Traci M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>WHITAKER</surname>
							<given-names>Julia H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Work design in a digitized gig economy</article-title>
					<source>Human Resource Management Review</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100692">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100692</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B62">
				<label>62</label>
				<mixed-citation>62. SCHULTE, Julian; SCHLICHER, Katharina D; MAIER, Günter W. NoWorking everywhere and every time?-Chances and risks in crowdworking and crowdsourcing work design. In: Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO). 2020. vol. 51, no. 1. pp. 59-69.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SCHULTE</surname>
							<given-names>Julian</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>SCHLICHER</surname>
							<given-names>Katharina D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MAIER</surname>
							<given-names>Günter W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>NoWorking everywhere and every time?-Chances and risks in crowdworking and crowdsourcing work design</article-title>
					<source>Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO)</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>59</fpage>
					<lpage>69</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B63">
				<label>63</label>
				<mixed-citation>63. SELS, Luc; DE WINNE, Sophie; MAES, Johan; DELMOTTE, Jeroen; FAEMS, Dries; FORRIER, Anneleen. Unravelling the HRM-Performance Link: Value-Creating and Cost-Increasing Effects of Small Business HRM. In: Journal of Management Studies. 2006.vol. 43, no. 2. pp. 319-342. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00592.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00592.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SELS</surname>
							<given-names>Luc</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DE WINNE</surname>
							<given-names>Sophie</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MAES</surname>
							<given-names>Johan</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>DELMOTTE</surname>
							<given-names>Jeroen</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FAEMS</surname>
							<given-names>Dries</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>FORRIER</surname>
							<given-names>Anneleen</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Unravelling the HRM-Performance Link: Value-Creating and Cost-Increasing Effects of Small Business HRM</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Management Studies</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>319</fpage>
					<lpage>342</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00592.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00592.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B64">
				<label>64</label>
				<mixed-citation>64. SHIH, Hsi‐An; CHIANG, Yun-Hwa; HSU, Chu-Chun, H. Can high performance work systems really lead to better performance. In: International Journal of Manpower. 2006. vol. 27, no. 8. pp. 741-763. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713530">https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713530</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SHIH</surname>
							<given-names>Hsi‐An</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHIANG</surname>
							<given-names>Yun-Hwa</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HSU</surname>
							<given-names>Chu-Chun</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Can high performance work systems really lead to better performance</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Manpower</source>
					<year>2006</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>741</fpage>
					<lpage>763</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713530">https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720610713530</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B65">
				<label>65</label>
				<mixed-citation>65. SOTO, Álvaro. Flexibilidad laboral y subjetividades. Hacia una comprensión psicosocial del empleo contemporáneo. Editorial LOM. 2008.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SOTO</surname>
							<given-names>Álvaro</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Flexibilidad laboral y subjetividades. Hacia una comprensión psicosocial del empleo contemporáneo</source>
					<publisher-name>Editorial LOM</publisher-name>
					<year>2008</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B66">
				<label>66</label>
				<mixed-citation>66. STECHER, Antonio. La empresa flexible como dispositivo de gobierno. Aportes de la Analítica de la Gubernamentalidad al estudio de las subjetividades laborales en América Latina. In: Universitas Psychologica. 2015. vol. 14, no. 5. pp. 1779-1794. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-5.efdg">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-5.efdg</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>STECHER</surname>
							<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>La empresa flexible como dispositivo de gobierno. Aportes de la Analítica de la Gubernamentalidad al estudio de las subjetividades laborales en América Latina</article-title>
					<source>Universitas Psychologica</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1779</fpage>
					<lpage>1794</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-5.efdg">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-5.efdg</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B67">
				<label>67</label>
				<mixed-citation>67. TODOLÍ-SIGNES, Adrián. The ‘gig economy’: employee, self-employed or the need for a special employment regulation?. In: Transfer. 2017. vol. 23, no. 2. pp. 193-205. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381">https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>TODOLÍ-SIGNES</surname>
							<given-names>Adrián</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The ‘gig economy’: employee, self-employed or the need for a special employment regulation?</article-title>
					<source>Transfer</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>193</fpage>
					<lpage>205</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381">https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B68">
				<label>68</label>
				<mixed-citation>68. TOH, Soo Min; MORGESON, Frederick P; CAMPION, Michael A. Human resources configurations: Investigating fit with the organizational context. In: Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008. vol. 93, no. 4. pp. 864-882.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>TOH</surname>
							<given-names>Soo Min</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>MORGESON</surname>
							<given-names>Frederick P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>CAMPION</surname>
							<given-names>Michael A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Human resources configurations: Investigating fit with the organizational context</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Applied Psychology</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>864</fpage>
					<lpage>882</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B69">
				<label>69</label>
				<mixed-citation>69. TSUI, Anne S; PEARCE, Jone L; PORTER, Lyman W; TRIPOLI, Angela M. Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off?. In: Academy of Management Journal. 1997. vol. 40, no. 5. pp. 1089-1121. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/256928">https://www.jstor.org/stable/256928</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>TSUI</surname>
							<given-names>Anne S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PEARCE</surname>
							<given-names>Jone L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>PORTER</surname>
							<given-names>Lyman W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>TRIPOLI</surname>
							<given-names>Angela M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off?</article-title>
					<source>Academy of Management Journal</source>
					<year>1997</year>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1089</fpage>
					<lpage>1121</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/256928">https://www.jstor.org/stable/256928</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B70">
				<label>70</label>
				<mixed-citation>70. UPWORK. Report: Freelancing and the Economy in 2019. 2020. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancing-and-the-economy-in-2019">https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancing-and-the-economy-in-2019</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>UPWORK</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Report: Freelancing and the Economy in 2019</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancing-and-the-economy-in-2019">https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/freelancing-and-the-economy-in-2019</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B71">
				<label>71</label>
				<mixed-citation>71. WOODCOCK, J.; GRAHAM, M. The Gig Economy. A critical Introduction. Polity Press.2020</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WOODCOCK</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>GRAHAM</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The Gig Economy. A critical Introduction</source>
					<publisher-name>Polity Press</publisher-name>
					<year>2020</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B72">
				<label>72</label>
				<mixed-citation>72. WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. The Promise of Platform Work: Understanding the Ecosystem. 2020, January. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/the-promise-of-platform-work-understanding-the-ecosystem/">https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/the-promise-of-platform-work-understanding-the-ecosystem/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>The Promise of Platform Work: Understanding the Ecosystem</source>
					<year>2020,</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/the-promise-of-platform-work-understanding-the-ecosystem/">https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/the-promise-of-platform-work-understanding-the-ecosystem/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<label>*</label>
				<p> Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia BY-NC-SA (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ext-link>)</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>How to cite this article/ Como citar este artículo:</label>
				<p> BEDOYA-DORADO, Cristian; PELÁEZ-LEÓN, Juan David. Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: towards a new configuration?. In: Entramado. July-December, 2023 vol. 19, no. 2 e-9530 p. 1-14 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.9530">https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.9530</ext-link>
				</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Job stability, dependency relationships, full-time jobs, social protections, participation in trade unions, collective bargaining agreements, labor and labor legal framework regulations, etc.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p>An ecosystem refers to a group of interacting components that are semi-autonomous and dependent on each other's activities and are therefore somewhat hierarchically controlled</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>3</label>
				<p>Estabilidad laboral, relaciones de dependencia, trabajos tiempo completo, las protecciones sociales, la participación en sindicatos, convenios colectivos, regulaciones de marcos legales laborales y de trabajo, etc.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>4</label>
				<p>Un ecosistema hace alusión a un grupo de componentes que interactúan entre sí, que son semiautónomos y dependen de las actividades de los demás, por lo que están de cierto modo controlados jerárquicamente.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de reflexión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Gestión de Recursos Humanos en la Gig Economyi ¿hacia una nueva configuración?<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">*</xref>
				</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El contexto de la <italic>Gig Economy</italic> supone una ruptura de la relación laboral estándar entre empleados y empleador; y un cuestionamiento sobre la función de la gestión de Recursos Humano (RR.HH.) encargada de gestionar dicho vínculo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la función y configuración de la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <italic>Gig Economy.</italic> Desde el enfoque configuracional contingente se argumenta el modo en el que las prácticas de RR.HH. se combinan y configuran para aportar al desempeño y gestionar el relacionamiento con los individuos que participan de esta economía. Se encuentra que la relación laboral entre las empresas y los trabajadores gig se caracteriza por ser transaccional y simbiótica basada en la premisa utilitaria del beneficio mutuo. Por ello, para este contexto predominaría una configuración de RR.HH. orientada hacia el mercado o en maximizar la productividad, y al cumplimiento de acuerdos.</p>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>CLASIFICACIÓN <italic>JEL</italic> 
</bold></title>
					<p>J0I; J2I; MI2</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>PALABRAS CLAVE:</title>
				<kwd>Gig Economy</kwd>
				<kwd>recursos humanos</kwd>
				<kwd>relaciones laborales</kwd>
				<kwd>trabajo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>1. Introducción</title>
				<p>Algunos de los debates contemporáneos del mundo del trabajo y las organizaciones han situado nuevas modalidades de trabajo que dan cuenta de una nueva configuración de las organizaciones bajo el paradigma de la flexibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Antunes, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">De la Garza, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Soto, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Stecher, 2015</xref>). Esta configuración ha implicado una transición de los llamados trabajos &quot;estándar&quot; o &quot;tradicionales&quot; hacia trabajos &quot;atípicos&quot; o &quot;no estándar&quot;, los cuales desdibujan las reglas de la contratación al largo plazo, las jornadas de trabajo, las prácticas de subordinación, el trabajo en oficina, la presencialidad, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Antunes, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">De la Garza, 2000, 2009</xref>). Si bien estas formas de trabajo se han venido presentando en diversos sectores económicos e industrias a nivel mundial, algunos autores han centrado su atención en los trabajos que se enmarcan en la llamada <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>&quot;Gig Econom</italic>y</italic> 
</bold> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloisi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ashford, Caza y Reid, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">De Stefano, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Kirven, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méda, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Todolí-Signes, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock y Graham, 2020</xref>)</p>
				<p>Los trabajos que se desarrollan en esta economía se caracterizan por ser de corto plazo, esporádicos, independientes, y autónomos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Davis y Sinha, 2021</xref>). Estos se han posicionado dentro de la categoría de &quot;trabajos no estándar&quot; debido a que suponen una relación fragmentada y por fuera de lo que tradicionalmente ha implicado una relación laboral<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>3</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloisi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Berg, Furrer, Harmon, Rani y Silberman, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cornelissen y Cholakova, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">De Stefano, 2016</xref>; Duggan, Sherman, Carbery y McDonnell, 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Kirven, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méda, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schmidt, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Todolí-Signes, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock y Graham, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los trabajos de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> se han propagado exponencialmente en diferentes países del mundo gracias al desarrollo de las plataformas tecnológicas, las cuales se han convertido en estrategias de fácil acceso y desempeño para la generación de ingresos. De acuerdo con algunas firmas consultoras, cerca del 35% de trabajadores en los Estados Unidos trabajan de manera independiente, y se estima que para el 2027 esta fuerza de trabajo independiente sea la de mayor participación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">CEPAL, y OIT, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Deloitte, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Digital Future Society, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Upwork, 2020</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">World Economic Forum, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>El modo en el que la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economyha</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> venido organizando y transformando el mercado de trabajo y los sectores productivos ha llevado a diferentes autores a reflexionar sobre el papel que cumple la gestión de recursos humanos (desde ahora RR.HH.) en este contexto. Si bien desde una perspectiva estratégica la gestión de RR.HH. es la encargada de aportar al desempeño del empleado y de la empresa a través de una serie de prácticas que se desarrollan en función del tiempo y la relación laboral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Allen y Wright, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock, Page-Tickell y Yerby, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Boxall, Purcell y Wright, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly, Fieseler, Cerne, Giessner y Wong, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Guthrie, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Hauff, Alewell y Hansen, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kepes y Delery, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>) se cuestionado entonces ¿cuál es su función y configuración en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> si los trabajadores no poseen un contrato de trabajo y están vinculados en el corto plazo o de manera esporádica con múltiples organizaciones?</p>
				<p>Considerando que las tendencias disruptivas de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> tienen incidencia en la gestión de las organizaciones y específicamente en la gestión de RR.HH., el presente artículo propone reflexionar sobre la función y configuración de la gestión de RR.HH. en este contexto. Para ello se desarrollan los siguientes objetivos:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Presentar algunas de las aproximaciones teóricas de la literatura especializada en gestión de RR.HH. para explicar su función y el modo en el que se combinan y configuran sus prácticas para aportar al desempeño de una organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>, 2002; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui, Pearce, Porter y Tripoli, 1997</xref>)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Identificar los desafíos de las empresas de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> en materia de la gestión de RR.HH. y las prácticas que se han investigado sobre este tema según la literatura académica.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Establecer una aproximación teórica que permita analizar la función y la configuración de la gestión de RR.HH, en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic>
</italic> 
</bold></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>El artículo está organizado en cuatro apartados. Primero, se presenta una definición contemporánea de la gestión de RR.HH. Seguido, se describen algunas posturas registradas en la literatura académica sobre el papel de la gestión de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic>
</italic> 
</bold> Tercero, se presenta un análisis desde el enfoque configuracional contingente sobre el papel de la gestión de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> y finalmente, se establecen las conclusiones y las futuras líneas de investigación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Gestión de Recursos Humanos: una aproximación contemporánea</title>
				<p>La gestión de RR.HH. se define como el conjunto de políticas y prácticas que las organizaciones utilizan para atraer, desarrollar y mantener su fuerza laboral con la intención de apoyar y ayudar a avanzar en la misión, los objetivos y las estrategias de la organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cascio, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García, 2009</xref>). Desde una orientación estratégica y contempóranea sobre la cual se circunscribe esta definición, se encuentra la postura para argumentar la gestión de RR.HH. como un actor clave de la organización por ser fuente de ventaja competitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker y Huselid, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller y McEvoy, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Jackson, Schuler y Jiang, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade y Drake, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entre las líneas de investigación reconocidas desde una orientación estratégica se enmarca el interés por comprender cómo se configuran o agrupan las prácticas de RR.HH. para aportar al desempeño de la empresa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker y Huselid, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009</xref>). Diferentes investigadores han argumentado que para cualquier organización resulta imperativo elegir y diseñar los componentes relevantes de su gestión de RR.HH. que brinden no solo un ajuste horizontal (es decir, la alineación y complementariedad de sus prácticas de RRHH), sino que también logren un ajuste vertical (es decir, la alineación entre la gestión de RRHH y la estrategia de la organización) para lograr los resultados organizacionales deseables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chang y Chen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery y Doty, 1996</xref>). En esa dirección, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery y Doty (1996)</xref> propusieron tres enfoques para analizar el grado de &quot;ajuste interno&quot;.</p>
				<p>El primer enfoque se conoce como el enfoque universal, el cual formula el supuesto de que las prácticas de RR.HH. pueden clasificarse en un conjunto de &quot;mejores prácticas&quot; que resultan ser apropiadas para todos los contextos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller y McEvoy, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery y Doty, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>). Bajo este enfoque, diferentes autores plantean que existen varios conjuntos de mejores prácticas que, encaminados al logro de diferentes resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>), pueden ser aplicables a todas las empresas, por ejemplo, practicas agrupadas en sistemas de alto desempeño -high performance HR systems- (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Shih, Chiang y Hsu, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Huselid, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Macduffie, 1995</xref>), en sistemas de alto compromiso -high commitmment HR systems-(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Allen, Ericksen y Collins, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arthur, 1994</xref>), en sistemas de alta implicación del empleado -high involvement HR systems-(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Guthrie, 2001</xref>), en sistemas de alta inversión -high investment HR Systems- (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Lepak, Taylor, Tekleab, Marrone y Cohen, 2007</xref>), o en sistemas orientados al control -control-oriented HR Systems- (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arthur, 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>El segundo enfoque es el enfoque contingente, el cual sostiene que el grupo de prácticas de RR.HH. debe seleccionarse sobre la base de un &quot;ajuste&quot; apropiado con otros factores organizacionales, por ejemplo, la estrategia de la empresa, la cual está a su vez influenciada por las características del entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delery y Doty,1996</xref>). Bajo esta perspectiva se entiende entonces que para que las organizaciones puedan lograr un buen &quot;ajuste vertical&quot;, las prácticas de RR.HH. deben estar alineadas con las estrategia de la empresa y las características del entorno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Sels et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Finalmente, el tercer enfoque se conoce como el enfoque configuracional, el cual establece que las organizaciones pueden tener diferentes sistemas de RR.HH. ideales. Así, si las prácticas de RR.HH. de una organización están estrechamente alineadas con un tipo ideal y, además, son consistentes con la estrategia competitiva de la organización, entonces lograrían un desempeño superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Gould-Williams, 2003</xref>). Este enfoque concuerda con el planteamiento de diversos autores que distinguen la importancia de una diferenciada arquitectura de RR.HH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>), donde se reconoce el uso de múltiples sistemas de RR.HH., no solo a través de diferentes organizaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al., 1997</xref>) sino también dentro de una misma organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Becker y Huselid, 2006</xref>). En ambos casos, las distintas configuraciones de prácticas de RR.HH. consideran, tanto las contribuciones que diferentes grupos de trabajadores pueden hacer al desempeño organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Lepak y Shaw, 2008</xref>), como el potencial de estos sistemas de RR.HH. para producir diferentes resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>En línea con el enfoque configuracional y la arquitectura de RR.HH, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999)</xref> plantearon la visión de un enfoque configuracional contingente en el contexto de la gestión estratégica de RR.HH. Para estos autores, existe poca probabilidad de que los sistemas de RR.HH. universales sean apropiados en todas las situaciones. Por ello plantean que la configuración de prácticas de RR.HH. depende más de la especificidad del capital humano y las relaciones laborales, asumiendo que los empleados deberían recibir apoyo a través de una arquitectura de RR.HH. diferenciada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>). En ese sentido, se sugiere que los diferentes niveles de capital humano deberían gestionarse de manera diferente en términos de sus modos de empleo, las relaciones laborales y las distintas configuraciones de RR.HH. (Luo et al., 2020).</p>
				<p>Siguiendo la propuesta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999)</xref>, los niveles de capital humano que influyen en la categorización de prácticas de RR.HH. se clasifica en términos de dos dimensiones: según su valor (es decir, el potencial que tiene los trabajadores para crear valor y sus costos asociados) y su singularidad (es decir, la especificidad que los trabajadores tienen para la empresa) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>; Luo et al., 2020).</p>
				<p>Como el alcance del valor y la singularidad del capital humano puede variar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>) plantean por lo menos cuatro configuraciones alternativas de gestión de RR.HH. que las organizaciones pueden (o deberían) implementar para gestionar grupos de trabajadores con diferentes niveles de capital humano. En primer lugar, para un capital humano con un alto valor y una alta singularidad, es decir, para trabajadores percibidos como valiosos y únicos, las organizaciones deberían adoptar un modo de empleo basado en el conocimiento, el cual enfatiza en el desarrollo interno y el compromiso a largo plazo. En segundo lugar, para un capital humano con un alto valor y una baja singularidad, las organizaciones deberían adoptar un modo de empleo basado en la 'adquisición' (también conocido como modo de empleo basado en el trabajo) con una relación laboral 'simbiótica' y una configuración de RR.HH. 'basada en el mercado' (también denominada configuración de RR.HH. basada en la productividad). Aunque los autores reconocen que el grupo de trabajadores en esta categoría pueden contribuir al éxito de la empresa, sus habilidades son ampliamente transferibles. Por tanto, estos trabajadores son contratados para realizar tareas predeterminadas. En tercer lugar, para un capital humano con un bajo valor y una baja singularidad, donde los trabajadores no se conciben como estratégicamente importantes ni únicos, las organizaciones deberían adoptar un modo de empleo 'contractual' (también conocido como acuerdos laborales contractuales) con una relación laboral 'transaccional' y una configuración de RR.HH. de 'cumplimiento'. En este caso, los trabajos de este grupo suelen ser objeto de subcontratación. Finalmente, en cuarto lugar, para un capital humano con un bajo valor pero una alta singularidad, es decir, trabajadores relativamente únicos pero con escaso valor estratégico para emplearlos internamente, las organizaciones deberían adoptar un modelo de empleo bajo alianzas o asociaciones, con una relación de empleo de &quot;asociación&quot; y una configuración de RR.HH. &quot;colaborativa&quot;.</p>
				<p>La idea de que las organizaciones adopten una determinada configuración de RR.HH. ha sido respaldada en diversos estudios desde distintas regiones, sectores económicos y tipo de organizaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke, Xiao y Xiao, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Luo et al., 2021</xref>). Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Lepak et al., (2007)</xref> encontraron que las empresas de servicios incluidas en su estudio, implementaron en mayor medidad sistemas de RR.HH. de alta inversión para los empleados claves de la empresa que para los empleados de apoyo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh, Morgeson y Campion (2008)</xref> evidenciaron cinco sistemas alternativos de gestión de RR.HH. donde se agrupan las relaciones laborales: dos sistemas extremos, uno orientado a maximizar el compromiso y otro orientado a minimizar costes, y tres sistemas intermedios (motivadores contingentes, motivadores competitivos, y creadores de recursos). Adicionalmente, la idea de una configuración de RR.HH. diferenciada en estudios recientes cuando se trata de diferentes categorías de empleados, por ejemplo, entre empleados directivos y no directivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Gottschalck, Guenther y Kellermanns, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Sarac, Meydan y Efil, 2017</xref>), o entre empleados miembros de la familia propietaria de la empresa y empleados que no son miembros de la familia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Jennings, Dempsey y James, 2018</xref>)</p>
				<p>Por último, dos desafíos se suman al interés por comprender cómo las diferentes agrupaciones de prácticas de RR.HH. aportan al desempeño de la empresa. Por un lado, si una misma organización tiene distintas prácticas de RR.HH. y las personas perciben la realidad de manera diferente, es probable que no todos los empleados interpreten los sistemas de RR.HH. de manera similar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao, Toya, Lepak y Hong, 2009</xref>; Nishii, Lepak y Schneider, 2009). Por tanto, se requiere distinguir el sistema de RR.HH. tal como está implementado (es decir, lo que los gerentes ponen en práctica) y el sistema de RR.HH. percibido (es decir, cómo los empleados interpretan las prácticas) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Den Hartog, Boon, Verburg y Croon, 2013</xref>). La percepción que tienen los empleados de la gestión de RRHH mediará el efecto de las prácticas de RR.HH. implementadas sobre el desempeño organizacional.</p>
				<p>Por otro lado, resulta complejo asignar un criterio de desempeño particular para definir la gestión de RR.HH. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>), ya que prácticamente es imposible configurar sistemas que maximicen de manera simultánea una amplia variedad de objetivos de desempeño (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Chadwick, 2010</xref>). Por ejemplo, se han sugerido determinadas configuraciones para cumplir con los objetivos de compromiso de los empleados, mejora de habilidades, incremento de la motivación, y la minimización de costos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arthur, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. 1997</xref>). Así, las configuraciones de RR.HH. que buscan aumentar el compromiso agrupan prácticas como el reclutamiento, la socialización y la capacitación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al., 1997</xref>). De manera similar, las prácticas de RR.HH. de alto rendimiento también han sido eficaces para aumentar el compromiso de los empleados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Huselid, 1995</xref>). Para aumentar los niveles de habilidad, la selección selectiva, la formación y los incentivos basados en conocimientos o habilidades se vuelven importantes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. (1997)</xref> se refirieron a esta configuración como el enfoque de &quot;sobreinversión&quot; o &quot;inversión mutua&quot;. También se ha adelantado el objetivo de la minimización de costos, mediante el cual se evitan las prácticas de RR.HH. intensivas en inversión, como la formación, o las oportunidades de participación para los empleados, pero se utilizan de forma eficaz los incentivos basados en el rendimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh et al., 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. (1997)</xref> también identificaron este enfoque como enfoques de &quot;subinversión&quot; o &quot;contrato al contado&quot;.</p>
				<p>Por lo anterior, las diferencias en las configuraciones de RR.HH. no solo se pueden distinguir por los niveles de capital humano a gestionar, también se pueden distinguir por los objetivos que cada configuración pretende alcanzar, esto atrae diversas explicaciones que pueden complementarse o, incluso, diferir según los fundamentos teóricos seleccionados, los niveles de análisis utilizados, las medidas empleadas en los estudios para capturar tanto las prácticas de RR.HH. como los resultados organizacionales, y las particularidades del contexto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Buller y McEvoy, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Lengnick-Hall et al., 2009</xref>). Sobre las particularidades del contexto se hará un énfasis especial en el siguiente apartado, teniendo en cuenta los desafíos que el contexto de las empresas en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> ofrece recientemente para los investigadores en el campo de la gestión de RR.HH.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>3. Gestión de Recursos Humanos en la <italic>Gig Economy:</italic> algunas aproximaciones desde la literatura académica</bold></title>
				<p>Con la evolución de la gestión estratégica de RR.HH. como campo de conocimiento, los estudios se han expandido para comprender y evaluar, entre otras cosas, cómo la configuración de distintas políticas y prácticas de RR.HH. se adecuan en diferentes contextos como factor contingente. En esta dirección, diversos autores han propuesto nuevas aproximaciones a la noción de gestión de RR.HH. para el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic>
</italic> 
</bold></p>
				<p>Uno de los principales puntos que ha suscitado el desarrollo de una revisión de este tema obedece a que los trabajos de la Gig Economyfracturan la relación laboral estándar entre empleados y empleadores, que ha sido utilizada tradicionalmente para definir las actividades que la gestión de RR.HH. busca mantener y mejorar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>) lo que ha llevado a cuestionar no solo el papel de la gestión de RR.HH. en las organizaciones, sino también, la profesión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020).</p>
				<p>Pese a que desde hace más de l0 años se encuentran investigaciones que han abordado el tema de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> existen pocas publicaciones que se concentran en el tema de la gestión de RR.HH. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>). En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 1</xref> se presentan algunas aproximaciones identificadas en la literatura académica:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aproximaciones de la gestión de RRHH en el contexto de la Gig Economy</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2539-0279-entra-19-02-e16-gt3.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Fuente: elaboración propia.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>De acuerdo con las aproximaciones a la noción de gestión de RR.HH. que se presentan en la anterior tabla, esta función se encuentra en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> aunque bajo la paradoja de evitar establecer una relación laboral con los trabajadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Woodcock y Graham, 2020</xref>). Para algunos autores, una de las principales actividades que se instalan en las plataformas intermediarias es la de la planificación de la fuerza de trabajo para que coincida la oferta con la demanda de servicios o tareas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder, Bricka y Whitaker, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte, Schlicher y Maier, 2020</xref>) lo que se desarrolla principalmente gracias a la gestión de algoritmos (Connelly et al., 2021; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Hyers y Kovacova, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan (2019)</xref>, la gestión de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy puede</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> definirse desde una perspectiva ecosistémica<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4"><sup>4</sup></xref> para comprender cómo el trabajo por demanda o esporádico es controlado por medio de actividades de gestión de RR.HH. diseñadas e implementadas en las plataformas intermediarias. Entre las actividades de gestión de RR.HH. que se instalan en las plataformas intermediarias se encuentra la planificación de la fuerza de trabajo, la cual posibilita el encuentro entre usuarios que demandan de servicios y tareas con aquellos que los proveen. Así mismo, estos autores identifican otras actividades como el diseño de los puestos de trabajo que brinda a los trabajadores la autonomía con relación a trabajar cuando lo deseen; la gestión del desempeño que se evalúa por medio de las mismas plataformas, y que permite a su vez, controlar al trabajador así como compensarlo y otorgar los beneficios para remunerar sus esfuerzos.</p>
				<p>Al igual que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan (2019)</xref>, otros autores han explorado actividades de gestión de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> coincidiendo con el reconocimiento del papel mediador que tiene la gestión de algoritmos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Hyers y Kovacova, 2018</xref>). En <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 2</xref> se presentan las actividades gestión de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> identificadas en la literatura académica:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Actividades de RR.HH. asociadas al contexto de la Gig Economy.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2539-0279-entra-19-02-e16-gt4.gif"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Fuente: Elaboración propia.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>De acuerdo con la información presentada en <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> es posible agrupar las actividades de RR.HH. en cinco categorías:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Diseño de cargos y planeación de la fuerza de trabajo: el objetivo de esta actividad es la de garantizar una oferta de trabajadores que cumplan con los requisitos de los servicios y tareas que demandan los clientes de las aplicaciones Asimismo, se busca disponer de la cantidad de trabajadores necesarios para suplir con dicha demanda. Para ello, los algoritmos con los que se diseñan las aplicaciones permiten la localización geográfica y virtual de los usuarios y los trabajadores para hacer un match entre ellos. Lo anterior significa, que esta función busca evitar el desequilibrio en el mercado en términos de oferta y demanda y garantizar valor multilateral para los actores que están involucrados en la transacción: la empresa de la aplicación, los usuarios (clientes), y los trabajadores.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Reclutamiento y selección: con el propósito de garantizar el equilibrio entre la oferta y demanda, el proceso de reclutamiento está orientado tanto a trabajadores como usuarios. Para ello, las empresas dueñas de las aplicaciones realizan campañas publicitarias en donde ofrecen oportunidades para generar ingresos bajo trabajos flexibles y de fácil acceso, al tiempo que incentivan a usuarios a utilizar sus servicios. A través de las aplicaciones, los usuarios interesados gestionan la solicitud de ingreso y de manera automática los requisitos son verificados por los algoritmos que definen su admisión. Este proceso desdibuja algunas de las etapas y técnicas tradicionales utilizadas para los procesos de selección, pues el proceso de selección se reduce a la verificación de información y la aceptación para proveer servicios y cumplir con tareas, que en algunos casos no son complejas de realizar.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Gestión del desempeño: este proceso es mediado y controlado principalmente los algoritmos de las plataformas y las calificaciones de los usuarios. Asimismo, las calificaciones pueden ir acompañadas de comentarios y referencias que podrían ayudar a mejorar la reputación del trabajador o por el contrario afectar la demanda de sus servicios y tareas. Esta información también es gestionada por el algoritmo que ante malas calificaciones puede bloquear, castigar o expulsar a un trabajador de la plataforma. En caso contrario, las buenas calificaciones pueden ser gestionas en favor de compensación y beneficios, o mayor asignación de tareas.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Compensación y beneficios: en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> los ingresos económicos dependen exclusivamente de los servicios prestados o tareas realizadas. La variación de los ingresos depende del tiempo dedicado a trabajar, los incentivos económicos definidos por la aplicación y la velocidad de la prestación de los servicios. Estos ingresos no están regulados en la mayoría de los casos por leyes laborales, al no existir un vínculo formal y legal entre los trabajadores y la empresa de la plataforma intermediaria. Algunas plataformas intermediarias ofrecen beneficios a los trabajadores a partir del cumplimiento de metas o del desempeño en periodos de tiempo establecidos que pueden ser de orden financiero o cupones o descuentos. Los algoritmos de las plataformas intermediarias buscan cada vez más mejorar las tácticas psicológicas para incentivar el comportamiento de los trabajadores con relación a la imagen de la empresa dueña de la plataforma que estos otorgan a los usuarios.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p> Entrenamiento y desarrollo: esta actividad se orienta mejorar las calificaciones que obtienen los trabajadores por medio de las plataformas y los ingresos. Muchos de los programas de entrenamiento y desarrollo que se promueven en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> son previos al inicio de las funciones y de corta duración pues se considera que las tareas desempeñadas no son complejas. Adicional a ello, las capacitaciones están orientadas al manejo de las plataformas intermediarias y al cumplimiento de los tiempos que son gestionados y controlados por los algoritmos. En este contexto, el tiempo es un recurso fundamental, pues está en función de los ingresos que los trabajadores pueden generar y de la satisfacción de los usuarios.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>4. Hacia una configuración en gestión de Recursos Humanos en el contexto de la <italic>Gig Economy</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Si bien se ha cuestionado el papel estratégico de la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> debido a la ambigüedad que supone la creación de ventajas competitivas desde la gestión de la fuerza de trabajo en un contexto en donde no existen relaciones laborales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Allen y Wright, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Boxall et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>), es posible argumentar la existencia de una nueva configuración de RR.HH. en este contexto que busca la gestión y organización del trabajo por fuera de las relaciones laborales estándar.</p>
				<p>El modelo de arquitectura de RR.HH. propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>) se ha convertido en el modelo conceptual por excelencia entre los enfoques de configuración contingente en gestión estratégica de RRHH, influenciando notablemente la investigación a partir de su formulación (Luo et al., 2020). Pese a que el modelo ha sido ampliamente citado por investigaciones posteriores en los últimos veinte años y la mayoría de las ideas principales del modelo han sido desarrolladas teóricamente, verificadas empíricamente y/o criticadas y ampliadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke et al., 2020</xref>; Luo et al., 2020), el modelo original aún no ha sido discutido para comprender la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic>
</italic> 
</bold></p>
				<p>En términos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>) no todos los empleados poseen conocimientos y capacidades que son igualmente valiosos para una organización en particular. Por tanto, la gestión de RR.HH., los modos de empleo y las relaciones laborales deberían responder a los diferentes niveles de capital humano. Bajo este modelo, se considera una relación de empleo tradicional, contraria a la que se establece en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> en donde se busca finalmente una relación por fuera del empleo, es decir, fuerza de trabajo para cumplir tareas específicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Areosa, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Davis y Sinha, 2021</xref>). Es por ello que la mayoría de la fuerza de trabajo en esta economía no aplica a las nociones de relación laboral que establecen los autores. Sin embargo, si es posible explicar una configuración exclusiva basado en la relación de trabajo no estándar que se identifica en la literatura y, con ello, hacer un supuesto lógico de la configuración de RR.HH. bajo los fundamentos del modelo.</p>
				<p>De acuerdo con la literatura en gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> las relaciones de trabajo no estándar entre las empresas y los trabajadores gig forjan una relación transaccional y simbiótica basada en la premisa utilitaria del beneficio mutuo (en términos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>), donde la fuerza de trabajo se dedica única y exclusivamente a una tarea solicitada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>). Ambas relaciones incluso son manifestadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999)</xref> como relaciones laborales muy similares.</p>
				<p>En esencia, una relación transaccional entre trabajador y organización se centran en la tarea a realizar, los resultados a lograr, y los términos del acuerdo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell 1999</xref>). En el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> las plataformas intermediarias se encargan de la planificación y control de la fuerza de trabajo para que coincida la oferta con la demanda de servicios o tareas puntuales requeridas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>). Por su parte, una relación simbiótica se basa en la noción de que es probable que tanto el trabajador como la organización continúen la relación siempre que ambos continúen beneficiándose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>). Este tipo de relación asume que el trabajador quizás está menos comprometido con la organización y más centrados en su carrera, lo cual tiene sentido si se considera que en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> el trabajador puede participar cuando lo desee, con el ánimo de satisfacer sus necesidades mediante la aceptación de tareas esporádicas a través de múltiples plataformas (Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Aunque la relación transaccional y simbiótica son similares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>), sus diferencias se reducen esencialmente al alcance de la participación y las expectativas subyacentes a los intercambios. Con la relación simbiótica, las organizaciones intentan buscar la continuidad y la lealtad, aunque de forma limitada. En contraste, con la relación transaccional, las empresas probablemente no esperan (y no obtienen) un compromiso organizacional; las relaciones simplemente se centran en la naturaleza económica del &quot;contrato&quot;. En el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> estas diferencias prácticamente desaparecen teniendo en cuenta la gran complejidad de garantizar el compromiso de un trabajador gig con el uso exclusivo de una sola plataforma intermediara para llevar a cabo su trabajo.</p>
				<p>Por lo anterior, este enfoque transaccional y simbiótico contemplaría el supuesto de que en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic>
</italic> 
</bold> la fuerza de trabajo, en términos de capital humano, se percibiría con menos niveles de singularidad, pero un nivel continuo de más-menos valor, es decir, trabajadores cuyas habilidades son ampliamente transferibles a través de algoritmos automatizados, pero que pueden contribuir -o no- al éxito de la empresa. Por tanto, los trabajadores &quot;gig&quot;, quienes realizan tareas esporádicas y al corto plazo predeterminadas y organizadas por plataformas intermediarias para que coincida con la oferta y la demanda de servicios o tareas (Conelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>), pueden aportar al exito de la empresa dueña de la plataforma intermediaria.</p>
				<p>Como las relaciones transaccionales y simbióticas son de naturaleza similar, también lo son sus respectivas configuraciones de RR.HH. Siguiendo el modelo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">2002</xref>), para el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> predominaría una configuración de RR.HH. orientada hacia el mercado (o en maximizar la productividad) y al cumplimiento (en términos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999; 2002</xref>). Una configuración orientada al mercado enfatiza en el reclutamiento y la selección de personas que ya posean las habilidades necesarias para cumplir determinadas funciones o tareas. Además, las personas pueden tener discreción y poder para tomar decisiones. Una vez contratados, es probable que se les permita un mayor grado de empoderamiento para llevar a cabo sus tareas. Es por ello que en la literatura académica sobre la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic>
</italic> 
</bold> se destacan prácticas de RR.HH. como el diseño de cargos y planeación de la fuerza de trabajo, y el reclutamiento y la selección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng y Joshi, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fieseler et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Mojeed-Sanni y Ajonbadi, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte et al., 2020</xref>), mientras que poco se discute sobre entrenamiento y desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kost et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Con relación a la configuración basada en el cumplimiento, es probable que las empresas se concentren en hacer cumplir las reglas y regulaciones, mantener disposiciones específicas con respecto a los protocolos de trabajo y garantizar el cumplimiento de los estándares preestablecidos, lo que es posible con la planeación de la fuerza de trabajo y la asignación de tareas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng y Joshi, 2016</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fieseler et al., 2019</xref>). Además, la evaluación del desempeño y las recompensas se basarán en el trabajo, centrándose en procedimientos prescritos o en resultados específicos, o ambos; como es el caso de las calificaciones y referencias que gestionan los algoritmos de las plataformas, que si bien inciden en premedios y beneficios, también podrían implicar castigos o expulsión de la fuerza de trabajo (Duggan et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Guda y Subramanian, 2019</xref>; Malos et al., 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para ambas configuraciones, la formación y el desarrollo son prácticamente nulos dado que estos trabajadores poseen habilidades que no son exclusivas de una empresa en particular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kost et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>), por lo que es posible que las empresas no obtengan un rendimiento de ninguna inversión en formación si los trabajadores tienen facilidad para irse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell, 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>En términos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh et al. (2008)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al. (1997)</xref>, la configuración anterior concuerda con el objetivo de la minimización de costos, mediante el cual se evitan las prácticas de RR.HH. intensivas en inversión, como la formación, o las oportunidades de participación para los empleados, pero se utilizan de forma eficaz los incentivos basados en el rendimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Toh et al., 2008</xref>). Lo anterior concuerda a su vez, con los estudiantes de la literatura académica que evidencian como principales prácticas de RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> la gestión del desempeño, y la compensación y beneficios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Boocock et al., 2020</xref>; Connelly et al., 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Deng y Joshi, 2016</xref>; Duggan et al., 2020, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Jabagi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Malos et al., 2018</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Lo anterior deja ver cómo predomina una configuración de RR.HH. exclusiva para para las empresas que pertenecen al contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> la cual no se desliga del enfoque estratégico acuñado en la literatura, especialmente si se considera que la fuerza de trabajo en este contexto, y en términos de capital humano, se concibe a priori con menos niveles | de singularidad, pero con un nivel continuo de más-menos valor.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>5. Conclusiones</title>
				<p>Haciendo un balance del conocimiento presentado, este artículo ha ofrecido una mirada sobre la función y configuración de la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> La literatura en gestión estratégica de RR.HH. reconoce la importancia por estudiar cómo se configuran o agrupan las prácticas de RR.HH. para aportar al desempeño de las empresas. Como se presentó en apartados previos, esta configuración puede ser explicada bajo el enfoque de capital humano como sugiere el modelo de arquitectura de RR.HH. propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2002</xref>). Sin embargo, la adopción de una determinada configuración no solo debe basarse en el valor estratégico de la fuerza laboral dentro de una organización, sino también en la situación que establece el contexto. En ese sentido, resulta imperativo situar la configuración de RR.HH. según las particularidades del contexto en el cual se encuentran inmersas las empresas. De allí que la discusión se desarrollara desde un enfoque contingente para argumentar el modo en el que se configura la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic>
</italic> 
</bold></p>
				<p>Aunque la discusión concuerda inicialmente con la postura de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2002</xref>) quienes enfatizaron en la importancia de la gestión de RR.HH. diferenciada para los empleados con diferentes niveles de capital humano para hacer contribuciones óptimas a la empresa, el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> plantea una configuración exclusiva en las organizaciones donde se desdibujan las modalidades de empleo tradicionales y las configuraciones de trabajo basadas en la colaboración y el compromiso a largo plazo. En este sentido, el primer punto de partida de la gestión RR.HH. en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> es el de gestionar la fuerza de trabajo sin incurrir en el establecimiento de una relación laboral estándar, y priorizar prácticas orientadas a disponer de una fuerza de trabajo con las habilidades necesarias para el cumplimiento de las tareas, a conectar la demanda de tareas de con la oferta de trabajos, a disminuir costos, y a garantizar el control y cumplimiento del trabajo.</p>
				<p>Es por ello que en la literatura académica se han registrado como principales prácticas de RR.HH de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> el diseño de cargos y planeación de la fuerza de trabajo, el reclutamiento y selección, la gestión del desempeño, la compensación y beneficios, y de manera escasa, el entrenamiento y desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Connelly et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Meijerink y Keegan, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Schroeder et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Schulte et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Como consecuencia y respondiendo a la pregunta de si en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> existe una nueva configuración de la gestión de RR.HH., es posible argumentar la existencia de un predominio de una configuración orientada al mercado y al cumplimiento, siguiendo con la propuesta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Lepak y Snell (1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2002</xref>) Lo anterior se explica debido a que se busca disponer de fuerza de trabajo con las habilidades necesarias para cumplir con la demanda en términos de tareas, y porque los mecanismos orquestados por los algoritmos de las plataformas establecen las condiciones para que las tareas se cumplan de acuerdo con protocolos y estándares establecidos, y así se puede gestionar la compensación y el desempeño.</p>
				<p>Si bien el modelo original de arquitectura de RR.HH es influyente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cooke et al., 2020</xref>; Luo et al., 2020), sus supuestos resultan parciales para explicar esta realidad, por lo que esta discusión ha revelado lagunas y desafíos para la investigación futura. A continuación, se describen varias direcciones para futuras investigaciones. En primer lugar, resulta imperativo que futuros estudios validen empíricamente si el modelo configuracional de RR.HH. orientado al mercado y al cumplimiento, a diferencia de otro tipo de configuraciones, sobresale en el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy.</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> Si la literatura de RR.HH. reconoce el uso de múltiples sistemas de prácticas RR.HH., no solo a través de diferentes organizaciones, sino también dentro de una misma organización, ¿existiran diferentes agrupaciones de prácticas dentro de las distintas empresas que operan en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>gig economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> o seguirán predominando las mismas prácticas bajo el modelo de mercado y cumplimiento? ¿genera más valor para la empresa de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> este tipo de configuración de prácticas que suprimen el compromiso a largo plazo? Para ello es muy importante considerar aproximaciones metodológicas adecuadas que incorporen medidas validas y fiables de las prácticas de RR.HH. que constituyen las distintas configuraciones manifestadas en el modelo para su comparación correspondiente.</p>
				<p>En segundo lugar, y en línea con el reconocimiento de múltiples sistemas de prácticas RR.HH. dentro de una misma organización, ¿una empresa que opera en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> la cual &quot;emplea&quot; a miles de trabajadores, reconocerá alguna diferencia entre los trabajadores e implementará distintas prácticas de RR.HH.? Esta pregunta sigue la idea de que las prácticas de RR.HH. para toda la fuerza laboral no serían apropiadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Lepak y Snell, 2002</xref>), de allí que el uso de prácticas de RR.HH. pueda variar con respecto al puesto de trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Tsui et al., 1997</xref>). Sin embargo, la investigación empírica en esta dirección sobre el contexto de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic>
</italic> 
</bold> aún es limitada.</p>
				<p>En tercer lugar, teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de que las prácticas de RR.HH. sean implementadas de manera diferente para la fuerza de trabajo en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy,</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> los trabajadores gig podrían percibir o experimentar diferencias en las prácticas laborales a las que están expuestos, aun cuando tienen capacidades similares y trabajan bajo la misma plataforma; idea similar para personas en empresas de otros sectores que trabajan en un mismo cargo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao et al., 2009</xref>). Por tanto, ¿cómo los trabajadores en la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> perciben o experimentan este tipo de prácticas? ¿existen diferencias entre lo que las empresas dueñas de las plataformas dicen que aplican y la percepción de los trabajadores gig? Hasta la fecha se sabe muy poco sobre cómo los trabajadores gig perciben y responden a la configuración de prácticas de RR.HH.</p>
				<p>En cuarto lugar, si existieran diferencias entre las percepciones de los trabajadores gig sobre las prácticas de RR.HH. que reciben, ¿cómo influye esta percepción sobre sus actitudes y comportamientos? Esta pregunta concuerda con la necesidad de tener en cuenta los atributos individuales en la consideración del ajuste interno en los sistemas de prácticas de RR.HH. Como demuestra <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Nishii et al., (2008)</xref> en su estudio, las personas pueden tener diferentes percepciones e interpretaciones de las mismas prácticas de RR.HH., lo que a su vez puede influir en las actitudes y comportamientos de las personas. Este resultado resalta el valor potencial de centrarse en las diferencias individuales de los empleados en el impacto de los sistemas de RR.HH. en el desempeño. Además, como las diferencias de las personas tiene una influencia directa en las percepciones y actitudes de las personas en el lugar de trabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liao et al., 2009</xref>), futuros estudios sobre trabajadores gig podrían considerar una variedad de diferencias demográficas o funcionales (por ejemplo: la edad, el género, el nivel educativo y la antigüedad utilizando la plataforma intermediaria) como otras características que no son visibles, y subyacentes, como la personalidad o los valores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Finalmente, en línea con la investigación existente en el campo de RR.HH. que ha examinado la influencia de factores externos y características organizacionales en el diseño de sistemas de RR.HH. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jiang et al., 2012</xref>), futuras investigaciones en el marco de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic>
</italic> 
</bold> podrían explorar más a fondo cómo los factores contextuales (por ejemplo, tamaño organizacional, sector en el que opera la empresa, filosofía/cultura organizacional, países de origen, etc.) pueden impactar la configuración en la gestión de RR.HH. señalada en este artículo y, como consecuencia, en el desempeño de la fuerza laboral y de la empresa. Por ejemplo, ¿resultan igualmente efectivas las prácticas de RR.HH. orientadas al mercado y al cumplimiento en todas las empresas que utilizan plataformas tecnológicas para mediar la relación laboral? ¿el resultado es igual para empresas similares en países distintos? ¿el resultado se fortalece si se compara el uso de estas prácticas con empresas de otras industrias que no utilizan plataformas de intermediación laboral? ¿cuál es la filosofía/cultura predominante en las empresas de la <bold>
 <italic>
 <italic>Gig Economy</italic> 
</italic> 
</bold> que facilitan una configuración de prácticas distantes al compromiso a largo plazo? En definitiva, se necesita más investigación para explorar con mayor detalle cómo el contexto influye en los mecanismos de alineación interna de los sistemas de RR.HH. en el contexto de la <italic>Gig Economy.</italic></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>*</label>
					<p> Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia BY-NC-SA (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ext-link>)</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
					<label>Cómo citar este artículo:</label>
					<p> BEDOYA-DORADO, Cristian; PELÁEZ-LEÓN, Juan David. Gestión de Recursos Humanos en la Gig Economy: ¿hacia una nueva configuración?. En: Entramado. Julio-Diciembre, 2023 vol. 19, no. 2 e-9530 p. 1-14 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.9530">https://doi.org/10.18041/1900-3803/entramado.2.9530</ext-link>
					</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>