Alternativas ambientales para el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos y líquidos agroindustriales provenientes de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis)
Currently, Colombia is considered the first Alternativas ambientales para el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos y líquidos agroindustriales provenientes de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis). producer of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Latin America, its cultivation and production have expanded considerably in the territory, in turn, the agro-industrial activity has had relevance at the environmental level, where the generation of solid and liquid waste has been evident; since 72% of the harvested product becomes waste. Therefore, in this review article, an overview of the amount, type of waste, and current treatment alternatives for the use of residual biomass produced by the palm sector are presented; where different value-added products can be obtained, such as bioenergy (biogas, biodiesel, bio-oil, bioethanol); biocomposites (activated carbon, filters, pellets), biofertilizers, bioactive and compounds such as cellulose, among others; that contribute to sustainable production, with zero waste. Keywords: Residual biomass, circular bio-economy, oil palm, agro-industrial waste, treatment, by-products, utilization.
Análisis de producción de Biogás a partir de desechos de café Vs. desechos porcinos en la finca “Villa Juliana” en la vereda El Moral del municipio de Páramo, Santander
ABSTRACT Today the planet suffers the serious consequences of climate change and the use of energy from conventional sources causes the emission of polluted gases with the greenhouse effect, contributing to said change, in addition to depleting non-renewable resources; The production of biogas in biodigesters from farm waste is a good way to achieve energy in the rural sector, helping the planet and people. The objective of this document is to analyze in a comparative way the production of biogas from two kinds of waste, one of vegetable origin and the other of animal origin, which are available at the "Villa Juliana" Farm in the Vereda El Moral of the Municipality of Páramo, Santander, for which the farm quantity data will be used and biogas production is calculated theoretically, through a scale design, with which it is intended to know the efficiency of the biodigester from the types of waste. used as cargo and some mixtures of them. For the development of this project, the shortcomings of peasant families were taken into account in terms of the proper disposal of coffee waste, as well as waste from pig activities, which were evidenced in the Guanentina Province, Santander. Thus, depending on the availability of the farm and its temperature conditions, the implementation of tubular biodigesters fed with waste of animal origin, and mixed with waste of vegetable origin such as coffee waste, is recommended, always taking into account the optimal biodigester design ratio recommended by the cited guides. Keywords: Biodigester, Biogas, Treatment of organic waste.
Tratamiento de Lixiviados en Rellenos Sanitarios
ABSTRACT Leachate occurs when moisture enters the garbage in a landfill, draws contaminants to the liquid phase and produces a moisture content high enough to initiate the movement of the liquid, it is characterized by a high chemical and biological demand for oxygen and generally consists of undesirable substances such as organic and inorganic pollutants. Leachate is highly contaminated and must be treated to avoid contamination of surface and groundwater, these leachates from landfills may differ depending on the content and age of the landfill content, degradation procedure, climate, and hydrological conditions. It is common to treat leachates through a combined treatment system which consists of physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Keywords: Leached, landfill, environmental pollution, superficial water, underground water.
Impactos ambientales generados en la producción de café pergamino seco
ABSTRACT In Colombia, coffee has been an important factor in economic and social development, and is also recognized for its delicious flavor, body, and aroma. the coffee sector has increased in extension consequently its production, which implies the generation of various environmental impacts in the dry parchment coffee production chain, which includes the processes that take place on the farm, from the seed to the harvest and the benefit of the grain such as: germination, seedling, planting, maintenance, benefit and drying; in which different environmental aspects are generated that are likely to generate impacts on the environment, which it is important to identify in order to define different environmental practices, which allow reducing these negative effects on natural resources. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of different literature where the different impacts caused by coffee production systems on the different components water, soil, fauna, flora and air at a national, regional and specific level in the municipality of Socorro. The results indicate that within the dry parchment coffee production processes that generate the greatest environmental impacts are in the maintenance process due to the use of inputs such as pesticides and herbicides, and in the coffee benefit process that includes pulping and washing. of coffee due to the by-products generated mucilage and pulp. Keywords: Production, coffee, environmental impacts, germination, seedling, herbicides, pesticides, erosion, benefit, by-products, flora, fauna, drying.
Esta revista constituye la quinta edición recopila y expone monografías de revisión, realizados por los estudiantes de la Especialización en Gestión Ambiental de los años 2022-2023. Los trabajos seleccionados abordan diferentes temáticas teniendo como base fuentes de información secundaria, tales como artículos, tesis, revistas, entre otras; las cuales verifican su autenticidad y validez para proceder a analizar la información que allí reposa. Los artículos incluyen diferentes temáticas ambientales, que representan las Alternativas ambientales para el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos y líquidos agroindustriales provenientes de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis); los Impactos ambientales generados en la producción de café pergamino seco; adicionalmente se presentan Alternativas de tratamiento para las aguas residuales generadas en los hoteles campestres de Santander y finalmente un estudio de caso, el cual analiza la producción de biogás a partir de desechos porcinos y subproductos del café, en una unidad productiva del municipio del Páramo, Santander. Todas estas temáticas reflejan el enfoque multidisciplinar que tienen los estudiantes de la Especialización en Gestión Ambiental; además de un interés particular por la aplicación de la normatividad ambiental vigente, en los diferentes sectores y actividades productivas que impactan directamente el medio ambiente y salud humana. Se destaca que, aunque los estudiantes de la especialización tienen distintos perfiles profesionales aplican la gestión ambiental y tienen elementos que les permiten abordar y aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos para dar solución a las problemáticas ambientales, además adquieren nuevas herramientas para ser competitivos en el medio laboral. La Revista Dinámica Ambiental, tiene como finalidad, dar a conocer diferentes temas de interés ambiental, reflejando el trabajo realizado por los estudiantes, permite al lector tener un contexto actualizado en el área de la gestión ambiental integral y se constituye como un insumo para futuros trabajos de investigación y/o complementación de revisiones bibliográficas.
Alternativa de tratamiento de aguas residuales para hoteles campestres en el departamento de Santander.
ABSTRACT Analyzing the problem by which the natural systems and biodiversity of some municipalities of the Santander department are experiencing sewage in the exercise and development of rural hotel activities that drive the economy of these areas, different effects have been presented to the water sources where the waste produced by said establishments is dumped; The main dumping of pollutants is observed in the streams, it is already an alert for the environmental authorities who have the obligation to proceed to mitigate environmental impacts and damages, most of these establishments do not have adequate infrastructure for the management of said sewage , with the consequence of becoming a potential source of contamination for water bodies and soils. They bring various effects on the health of the surrounding communities, ecosystems and animal species that are supplied with this resource, they seek to improve the quality of the water and reduce the contamination of the water resource in different areas of Colombia, seeking an alternative treatment for the waters residuals of the rural hotel union. Based on this, a good alternative will be determined to improve effluent quality conditions with a treatment of these sewage before being discharged Keywords: Residual water, pollutants, water quality, contamination, country hotels, environment, environmental regulations, water treatment.
Estudio de la calidad del suelo para la producción agrícola en la finca el porvenir.
ABSTRACT This monograph presents a comparison of the values of the major and minor elements present in the soil of the el porvenir farm located in the municipality of El Socorro Santander with coordinates 6 ° 27'45.90 "N and 73 ° 14'48.78" W. It has in its soil the nutrients required for the crops of Banana, citrus, mango and coffee, given by different bibliographic sources reviewed and the soil analysis carried out on the el porvenir farm in 2018, with this it seeks to know if the soil of This property is of adequate quality to carry out said agricultural production activities or what type of corrections should be made so that said crops can be established properly, increasing agricultural productivity. Keywords: Quality, soil analysis, pH, organic matter, major elements, minor elements, corrections, agricultural production.
Impacto ambiental generado por los cultivos de café de la Finca Santa Rosa de El Socorro Santander.
ABSTRACT It was considered necessary to identify those variables that are generating environmental impact in the benefit of coffee, in order to promote strategies for its mitigation, in relation to this aspect an evaluation process was carried out in the coffee crops in the Santa Rosa farm located in the upper part of the Aguilitas Reservoir, in the municipality of El Socorro Santander, where there is a small population that may be at risk of public health, therefore, it must be considered necessary to bear in mind the long-term consequences derived from this activity agriculture and more when they are close to water sources, taking into account these characteristics, care and protection of the environment is also required and in this regard Petrich (2019) states: "The future of coffee production is linked to the health of the environment, climate change poses a threat to the amount of fertile land available to coffee farmers and increases the risk of pests and diseases” (p.1). For this, it will be important to educate the workers in the influence of their techniques, and in what the process of coffee processing implies. According to Petrich, citing Michelotto, (2019), “there are some practices designed to benefit the environment, reduce water pollution, improve soil quality and thus can also help to have healthier coffee trees as in the ecosystem in the that grow ” (p. 4). The department of Santander has been classified as one of the most productive in the area of agriculture, it has rural lands that have been adapted by their owners to carry out different practices, including the cultivation of coffee. The National Federation of Coffee Growers in Colombia (2021), “Coffee is present in all the Provinces of Santander and there are 51,840 hectares in 75 municipalities, being El Socorro and other nearby municipalities who have the first lines of production with very different characteristics, with technology of 99.87%” (p.1). However, through the information collected, it was identified that new technologies that favor the environment have not been implemented in the Santa Rosa farm and where the environmental authorities regulate and enforce the technical guidelines. Keywords: Coffee crops, environmental impact, coffee tree, public health, water, soils, climate, discharges.
Formulación de estrategias de negocio para el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos en el municipio de Curití, Santander.
ABSTRACT This document consists of a literature review, around the issue of use and recovery of solid waste in the municipality of Curití-Santander, in this a general analysis of environmental problems caused by these is presented, as well as Some business strategies are proposed that allow mitigating the environmental impact generated by the inadequate handling and management of solid waste, which are mainly focused on incorporating an economic model of circular production, in which a more efficient and sustainable use is made of the resources, through the application of concepts such as the recycling of nutrients and the reincorporation of recycled materials back into the production cycle. The results of the analysis suggest that, in economic and environmental terms, composting and recycling of materials constitute techniques whose treatment does not require large investments and could generate income of more than 1200 million per year for the municipality in the case of the manufacture of organic fertilizer and with the sale of recycled waste, there would be an annual recovery of usable solid waste corresponding to 350 million. Keywords: Utilization, Final Disposal, Solid Waste Management, Recycling, Recovery.
Impacto ambiental de la gestión integral de residuos hospitalarios y la regulación Colombiana
Health service providers are public or private in the development of their activities for the care of patients generate a large amount of waste, which have special management due to their condition of hospital. According to the concept the hospital solid waste is those substances, materials, which are the result of an activity exercised by the generator, which produces waste related to the provision of health services for which integral management is implemented. (Cristian, 2009). The integral management of hospital waste is the management of the waste produced in health institutions, from its generation, separation and final disposal in its internal and external management, the hospital remains are the sum of those wastes that are generated in the hospital. medical attention of patients such as laboratory chemicals, cytotoxics, sharp waste, biohazard, pharmaceutical waste as well as those that are the result of daily attention such as ordinary, plastic and recyclable. In this monograph an analysis was made of the norms and strategies in the Colombian regulation regarding the disposition and management of the hospital wastes and in turn analyzed the scope of the environmental impact that is generated in an institution that lends to be Vices of health in Colombia in the integral management of hospital wastes.
Identificación de metodologías para la estimación de huella de carbono en los hoteles de la Provincia Guanentina
The planet earth has undergone very evident changes in the last decades and the scientific community that has been involved with the subject, has stated that these changes are not only due to causes of natural origin, the causes of anthropogenic origin have caused over time, that emissions of certain gases in the atmosphere that increase the greenhouse effect accumulate, directly producing an effect on global warming and thus presenting natural response phenomena associated with climate change on the planet. Being able to control and even reduce greenhouse gas emissions has become one of the main goals proposed since the Kyoto Protocol (1997) by leading organizations and nations worldwide, and it is from that goal that arises the idea of being able to quantify these types of emissions, and thereby exercise control and apply mechanisms of action. The carbon footprint corresponds to the general concept to relate that quantification of the emissions produced from these greenhouse gases by human activities. The development of this work focuses on identifying some of the methodologies proposed by different authors at the international level to calculate the carbon footprint and analyze its application possibilities in hotels in the Guanentina Province.
Influencia de la norma ISO 9001:2015 en los niveles de desarrollo productivo y competitivo de las empresas de obras civiles
During the last 10 years, a considerable group of companies has decided to carry out efforts for the certification of a system of administration of the quality that impacts in a significant way in the processes of organizational development of the company and in turn in the continuous improvement and the insurance of the quality of the organization. Leaving of the bibliographical revision is considered the effects generated in the companies that considered to implement the technical norm ISO 9001. The development of the present monograph leaves of the necessity of identifying the main benefits and impacts starting from the execution of the requirements of the ISO 9001:2015 for the implementation of a system of administration of the quality. The analysis of the results reveals that the implementation of the norm ISO 9001:2015 like strategic instrument, it will create a positive contribution at the competitiveness and levels of productivity of the organizations, and additionally to the initiatives of sustainable development.
Comparación de las normatividades en calidad de agua potable latinoamericanas frente a los establecidos por la Organización Mundial para la Salud (OMS)
The regulation that guarantees the sanitation of drinking water is a powerful instrument to protect public health in the global environment. Complete systems of regulation for drinking water streamline compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by making it easier for all people to have equitable and universal access to safe and affordable drinking water. Health and water quality are fundamental for human development and wellbeing. Provide access to health and poverty reduction (“WHO | Water, sanitation and hygiene”, 2017). This document compares the most relevant parameters found in the different regulations on the quality of drinking water or suitable for human consumption in some Latin American and Caribbean countries; in order to make a comparison between the national legislation with respect to the international one.
El documento en su tercera edición recopila y expone artículos de revisión, realizados por los estudiantes de la Especialización en Gestión Ambiental de los años 2018 a 2019, quienes han seleccionado diferentes temáticas y las han desarrollado teniendo como base fuentes de información secundaria, tales como artículos, tesis, revistas, entre otras; las cuales verifican su autenticidad y validez para proceder a analizar la información que allí reposa.
Elaboración de un plan de riesgos para el manejo del vertimiento; caso: trapiche La Esperanza ubicado en el municipio de la Paz, Santander
“This document describes the guided actions to prevent, mitigate and control the risks that may arise from the resource due to the activities of the La Esperanza Mill. To do this, it has information such as: maps of the geographical location of the point of vertimiento, the EOT of the municipality of La Paz (Santander), the designs of the Wastewater Treatment System and the field information collected during the elaboration of this work”. If there is a failure in the treatment system that is present in the preventive or corrective maintenance work or emergencies and accidents that limit or impede compliance with the dumping rule, immediately the person responsible for the activity that generates the dumping to a body of water or soil, must suspend the activities that generate the discharge, except those directly associated with the generation of domestic wastewater. Additionally, if its repair and restart requires more than three (3) hours a day, the competent environmental authority must be informed about the suspension of activities and / or the implementation of the Risk Management Plan”.
Reformulación del plan de saneamiento y manejo de vertimientos de la empresa de acueducto y alcantarillado Aguas del Socorro S.A. E.S.P. en el municipio del Socorro, Santander, Colombia
The municipality of El Socorro Santander has a plan of sanitation and management of vertices of wastewater generated in the municipality, this document is responsible for contemplating the projects, programs and activities that are necessary to advance in obtaining an adequate system of sanitation and treatment of the vertimientos, in this way contribute in guaranteeing to the citizens the constitutional right to enjoy a healthy environment. There is a problem with the plan for sanitation and discharge management that the municipality has and is the lack of updating and compliance with many of the objectives that have been raised, which is why there is a need to reformulate the sanitation plan and management of vertimientos of the municipality of El Socorro Santander in order to be able to comply with the current regulations established for the management and handling of vertimientos and thus be able to guarantee the quality and conservation of natural resources, that the community in general can enjoy them and be able to guarantee the sustainability of the environment.
Alternativa del método de explotación de material pétreo, caso: río Sogamoso parte baja, sector anexo a la central hidroeléctrica Hidrosogamoso
The construction and start-up of the Hydroelectric “Central Hidrosogamoso” (2009), involved the use of 474.6 m3 / s, approximately 85% of the flow of the Sogamoso River Basin. Given the situation, this decrease in flow has triggered alterations in the mining production of construction material, there are no fast currents that drag the stone material, in exchange for this there are sediments and some gravel coming out through the floodgates of the dam in a controlled flow, which the environmental authority has accepted as a minimum flow or ecological flow; A review of the state of the art of the production of construction material from the Sogamoso river basin, seeks to determine what is the current alternative method of exploitation of stone material. There are mining titles issued by the National Mining Agency-ANM; permits and concessions issued by the Autonomous Regional Corporation of Santander -CAS-, and a record that the Municipal Authority for subsistence mining takes. The investigation intends to review: a) the characteristics determined in the Management Plan of the Sogamoso river basin, b) the Mega project “Hidrosogamoso power plant”, c) the systems and methods used for the extraction of the materials of Construction, d) of the legal aspects for the exploitations subject to a mining title and / or granted by administrativeact of the environmental authority “CAS”, e) methods that are being applied to the artisanal and industrial exploitation, f) of the different environmental and socio-economic impacts of subsistence mining.
Identificación de estrategias empleadas para la optimización del uso eficiente del suelo.
The reduction of the application of agrochemicals as one of the strategies for not affecting the soil, is a priority where the chemical should not be applied to crops so that it does not reach the products that finally to the soil, another is the reforestation Which helps prevent runoff, the protection of the surface layer, the accumulation of biodegradable matter that will become organic matter. Achieve an organic matter content that is generally higher in organically managed soils, indicating not only greater fertility and stability of organic soils but also a higher moisture retention capacity, which reduces the risk of erosion and desertification. The lower cost material is the most beneficial for the protection of the resource, with the continuous use productivity, profitability and economy efficiencies are achieved, different from the most expensive ones, which profitability is seen at the moment, but increasingly it is the loss of nutrients to the point of sterilizing the soil. It was possible to determine the increase of Organic Carbon, Increase of Fertility, Increase of Organic Matter and Decrease of Temperature, obtained by the controls applied in the different practices of improvement of physical properties and chemical of the soil. It was possible to determine the increase of Organic Carbon, Increase of Fertility, Increase of Organic Matter and Decrease of Temperature, obtained by the controls applied in the different practices of improvement of physical properties and chemical of the soil.
Cumplimiento de los criterios de ordenamiento territorial en la delimitación de zonas de protección ambiental en colombia
The present article generates a summary of experiences with regard to realized national studies as internationally as for environmental territorial classification linked to the protection zones, environmental determining directives by means of which the planning of the territories is realized, in addition he identifies the impacts generated by the locomotive of the territorial development describing those of major relevancy, in joint with each of the services echo systemic involved in the processes. The planning of the productive classification is based on the evaluation of the lands and in the characteristics that each of the soils present without bearing in mind the impact that could be generated in the environment where there develop activities of agricultural, tourist, mining exploitation etc. The nonexistence of clear criteria and the unification of the same ones opposite to regulatory entities of the territory tend to unleash problems and effects that largely of the cases are negative in addition it generates bias in the capture of decisions on the part of whom they take charge generating mechanisms for the territorial development and the conservation of suitable zones for the environmental protection The evaluation that is done to the lands at present to define the use and vocation is focused in the technical, ecological and socioeconomic aptitude that the same ones present but is not articulated in a direct way by each of the climatic, environmental, biological parameters that possess the studied coverages, must know that the level of detail with which such studies have been realized does not guarantee precision in the information and hereby it is impossible to take decisions detailed in points that can be strategic to give a vision ordenadora to the territory without politician to curtail in limits administrative officers if not giving the importance needed from the ecosystems and from the socioeconomic activities developed in such areas.
Planeación orientada a la implementación de un sistema integrado de gestión en una pyme
The term Integrated Management Systems was born to provide a technical and human response to the increasingly significant need for organizations to harmonize compliance with the different management systems they have implemented and to guide the guidelines to where they should to ensure quality assurance, environmental management and occupational safety and health in the organization. In the development of the research, a documentary methodology has been used because it basically depends on the information that is collected or consulted in documents, as permanent material, and of nonexperimental methodological design because only observations will be made Existing situations. In the present study, it was observed that the organizations surveyed point to employees as the interest group that has benefited most from integration, and to society or the community at large as the one that receives the least benefits. In addition it was found that the main benefits obtained have been the articulation of audits, and of plans and programs, reduction of documentation, and risk, and standardization processes. With this document, it is possible to establish recommendations and conclusions so that small and medium-sized enterprises can launch the challenge of implementing these systems.
Determinación del estado actual del conflicto del uso del suelo en santander, colombia
Colombia is a country that has microclimates that influence the formation of relief and topography. Unfortunately, land uses do not correspond to the Territorial Planning Plan (POT), due to the absence of studies that support them. This makes it necessary to determine the current state of the land use conflict in Santander. In order to reach this objective, a bibliographical review was made regarding the subject, including variables of: land use defined according to POT, land use, land use area, percentage of land use conflict and level of conflict. Two areas related to environmental protection were found in the POT, while only the unique areas of the activities are recorded: livestock, vegetation cover, tree vegetation, agricultural area, conservation area, crop area and mining area. In addition, the largest area was forests with 82262802.60 Ha and the smallest was a protected reserve, with 12,900 Ha. The practice of invasive activities in the paramo of Santurbán, shows the inefficient management of permits by the authorities Environmental impacts. Santander, according to the IGAC, ranks eighth in a land use conflict, with a value of 58 percent.
Identificación de variables consideradas para la delimitación de paramos en colombia.
The ecosystems of high plateaus are not very common in the world, only six countries like it are (Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia) possess the privilege of having this type of ecosystems; In Colombia one possesses about 50 % of the high plateaus of the world, which in the last years have met affected by the mining industry that constitutes the economic primary excellent activity, which develops in the country and most of this one develops in high plateaus or in limits with them. In Colombia it becomes necessary to improve the process of the delimiting of this type of ecosystems since these benefit more than 3 million persons in 8 departments which meet affected whenever it is allowed that the mining industry should touch these strategic ecosystems. For the development of this monograph there was realized the review of 25 articles of different authors where variables were evaluated as Height, Temperature, pH of soil, Average Production of Water, Importance of the vegetable Coverage, with these variables the statistics was realized to conclude which of these variables they are those who more influence the moment to delimit a high plateau in Colombia and was analyzed because it is so difficult to establish a few fixed criteria for all the high plateaus of Colombia
Evaluación de la calidad de agua de ríos de colombia usando parámetros físicoquímicos y biológicos
The physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics ( t o t a l c o l i fo r m s , fe c a l c o l i fo r m s a n d a q u a t i c macroinvertebrates) of several rivers of Colombia were analyzed and determined the water quality index (WQI) of the studied rivers. High levels of turbidity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were found, suggesting that the water of the rivers from Colombia does not have optimum conditions for the growth and reproduction of diverse aquatic organisms. In addition, high levels of fecal coliforms were found, associated with the existence of wastewater discharges, indicating that most of the Colombian's rivers is not suitable for human consumption. Furthermore, the BMWP/Col index indicated slightly contaminated waters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) suggested a highly polluted water resource, existing relation between the two indexes mentioned above and some physicochemical and biological variables, which presented higher values than the permissible values established by Colombian regulations.
Identificación de los elementos comunes que reflejen el compromiso ambientalmente responsable de las instituciones de educación superior acreditadas en colombia
In the present monograph importance is given him since it announces in a wide and significant way the diverse general aspects related to the social university responsibility with the environment and this one has relation with the economic development and impulsive consumption that daily one handles and has come to the point of affecting the natural resources, for it it is important to know the elements that the Institutions of Top Education handle in the frame of his environmental responsibility inside the fulfillment of his institutional mission therefore the worry that sublies is what type of contribution they can do the universities from the different commitments and policies that they come assuming, both in the local area and in the national and international area, where they reflect the commitments and responsibilities of the Universities of Colombia before the managing of the environment and social responsibility in each of his Institutional curricula.
Identification of the critical factors for the implementation of photovoltaic solar systems in Colombia
In this document, we compiled a series of studies carried out in Colombia related to the factors to implement photovoltaic solar systems, determining a relation of variables from 25 authors. Colombia receives a large amount of radiation due to its geographic location, which makes it possible to implement these systems at various points of the territory. From this study, it was possible to determine the potential beneficiary population and a set of different aspects that should be considered when implementing these systems.
Economic viability of the photovoltaic panels implementation as an alternative for the traditional electrical distribution network
Solar energy has been wasted in many parts of Colombia despite being a renewable and clean energy that people have at their disposal. Colombia has one of the best solar energy potentials in America and the world. Current technologies can be favored by this type of energy in several ways, including generating electricity for homes, providing lighting and a comfortable environment, and also heating water for domestic use, commerce and industry. In this study, the economic viability of photovoltaic panels as an alternative for the electrical distribution network in homes was analyzed. The results showed what is required for its viability, including the prices for the implementation of the system in strata 4, 5 and 6 (with panels with a useful life of 25 years). We compared those prices with the conventional energy costs of 25 years of energy consumption, concluding that for strata 4, this system is viable because the price of the panels compared to the cost of conventional energy is not so disproportionate.
Identification of toxicity levels of heavy metals in the soil and the potential dangers for human health
In this monograph, the physical-chemical characteristics of the soils analyzed were identified. The values of pH, organic matter, depth, among others, were determined. The most important characteristics analyzed in this document are the type of heavy metals and the concentration they have in the soil. The objective of analyzing these variables in the soil was to know the negative effects they generate on human health and to determine if this effect is mild, moderate or severe according to the information collected through a literature review. After carrying out statistical analysis of the information, it was concluded that heavy metals in the soil generate moderate affectations in a greater proportion. On the contrary, the serious affectations to health correspond to the lowest percentage obtained.
Characterization of technologies applied to textile industrial water treatment
Advances in research on the effect of certain pollutants, stricter environmental standards, and economic factors have generated new technologies. With the use of new treatment systems, in some industries practices such as waste storage and confinement have been left, which from the point of view of environmental preservation and protection of human health are by no means recommended (Garcés Giraldo & Peñuela Mesa, 2007, p.25). That being said, this research sought to generate a coherent and effective information base when it comes to requiring the choice of a treatment option for wastewater from the textile industry. To this end, a review was made of 25 documents from which information relevant to the case was extracted, such as variables that affect the different treatments. Following this bibliographic review, the analysis of the relationship and affectation of variables with the different types of treatment was carried out. to conclude in the characterization of the treatments found and the suggestion of the best treatment for this type of wastewater.
In this monograph the characterization of hospital wastewater is identified, that is, how these waters are composed, in this case the parameters that are going to be taken into account are: the DQO, DBO5, pH and some bacteria present in them, this with the objective of knowing the characterization of the wastewater coming from different hospitals, to know what polluted these waters are according to the values that the relation between DQO, DBO5 shows, which indicates if they are of easy biodegradability or on the contrary they are difficult to biodegrade, it also shows certain classes of bacteria which are resistant to different types of medicines.